Ecology of Iranian Forest

Extended Abstract

Background: In contemporary society, off-road vehicles have gained popularity for both nature tourism and competitive events, establishing off-road riding as a recognized sport. However, the influx of multiple vehicles into forested areas, coupled with a general lack of awareness regarding environmental factors, has led to significant damage to the soil and vegetation surrounding these routes. This study aims to investigate the effects of off-road vehicle traffic on trees adjacent to these roads, focusing on various parameters such as wound area, wound depth, the specific location of wounds on the trunk or roots, and the causes of injury attributed to different factors. By understanding these impacts, we can better assess the ecological consequences of off-road activities and develop strategies to mitigate harm.
Methods: The research was conducted within the Hajikla-Tirankali (Mianshe) forestry plan. To effectively examine the impact of off-road vehicles, both an off-road path and a control plot (located outside the off-road route) were established. The study aimed to analyze the effects of off-road vehicle traffic on the surrounding trees, taking into account the extent of wounding and the slope gradient of the terrain. Data were collected on wound characteristics, including depth and area, as well as the specific locations of injuries on the trees. The analysis also involved measuring the slope gradient to assess its influence on the severity of tree damage.
Results: The findings revealed distinct patterns regarding tree damage in relation to proximity to the road. Trees located closer to the road exhibited greater wound depths compared to their wound areas. Conversely, trees positioned further away from the road showed a larger wound area relative to wound depth. Specifically, at a distance of 50 cm from the road, the average wound depth was recorded at 2.55 cm. At 100 cm from the road, this depth decreased to 1.2 cm, while at a mere 15 cm distance, the wound depth measured at 1.7 cm. In terms of the location of damage, the results indicated that 12% of wounds occurred from the soil horizon to the collar of the trees, while 56% were found from the collar to one meter in height on the trunk. Additionally, 32% of the wounds were located between one meter and two meters in height. The most significant damage was recorded in the region from the collar to one meter above the trunk, whereas the least damage occurred from the soil horizon to the tree collar. The study also identified the primary causes of tree injuries. Damage from collisions between the vehicle body or wheels and the tree trunk accounted for 42% of the injuries. Collisions involving the roof or crown of the vehicle with the tree represented 30% of the damage, while wounds caused by winch wire cuts contributed to 16%. Lastly, root wounds resulting from tire wear constituted 12% of the total injuries. Furthermore, it was observed that both the depth and area of wounds increased with steeper longitudinal slopes. For instance, the average wound depth recorded at a 7% slope was 1 mm, which significantly increased to 3.4 mm at a 20% slope.
Conclusion: Given the official recognition of off-road activities as a sport, it is unlikely that these practices can be entirely eliminated. However, through education and increased awareness of environmental considerations, the extent of damage to forest ecosystems can be mitigated. Implementing fixed and engaging tracks for off-road vehicles, alongside stringent measures to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive forest areas, represents a practical approach to preserving the integrity of these environments. By fostering a culture of respect for nature among off-road enthusiasts and promoting responsible driving practices, we can help ensure the sustainability of forest ecosystems while still allowing for recreational use. Future research should focus on developing comprehensive management plans that balance the enjoyment of off-road activities with the need to protect and conserve natural habitats.