Ecology of Iranian Forest

Extended Abstract
Background: Forests are dynamic systems that undergo continuous and permanent changes. Understanding the various elements within the forestland ecosystem and the factors influencing these elements is crucial for the preservation of these ecosystems. The preservation of species diversity plays a vital role in safeguarding the ecological values inherent in forest ecosystems. By studying various environmental factors, including vegetation, topography, soil, and climate, we can gain insights into the stability of plant communities and the correlations between these factors and vegetation dynamics. This understanding is not only important but also practical for the development and regeneration of forest communities. The significance of biodiversity and its management—especially through the protection and sustainable use of ecosystem resources—forms one of the primary objectives of natural resource management. Effective management strategies must consider the intricate relationships between species, their habitats, and the environmental factors that influence their growth and survival. This study aims to contribute to this body of knowledge by examining the unique species and rich species reserves found in the forestland region of Neimour in Iranian Noshahr. Specifically, we aim to evaluate the vegetation surrounding the Khezr Nabi swamp, a critical ecological area.
Methods: The present study was conducted in the forestland region of Neimour, focusing on the rich biodiversity surrounding the Khezr Nabi swamp. The objective was to evaluate the vegetation at the edges of this swamp, which serves as an important habitat for various plant and animal species. To achieve this, we conducted a detailed survey of the vegetation, taking into account the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the vegetation units in relation to their distance from the marsh. Ultimately, we established a zonation of marsh plants, dividing the area into three distinct zones for sampling purposes. Using the Braun-Blanquet method, we collected samples by utilizing 1×2 meter frames positioned in eight geographical directions around the swamp. This method allowed for a systematic approach to gathering data on plant species present in the area. During the growing season, we assessed plant species diversity using the Simpson and Shannon-Weiner indices, which provide insights into species richness and evenness. Additionally, we measured the richness and uniformity of species through the Menhinick and Margalef richness indicators, both of which are widely recognized metrics in ecological studies. The data collected during this study were subjected to statistical analysis to identify significant differences among the various vegetation zones and species diversity indicators. This analysis aimed to reveal patterns in species distribution and the ecological factors that influence these patterns.
Results: The results of this study, derived from the biodiversity indicators, indicated that the highest species diversity and richness were observed in the eastern, northern, and northeastern zones surrounding the swamp. Interestingly, while no statistical differences were noted in species diversity among the swamp directions, significant differences were observed in the Menhinick and Margalef richness indicators (p<0.05). Soil texture analysis revealed a composition of sandy clay loam (62.5%), sandy loam (25%), and loam (12.5%). Furthermore, significant differences were found in soil characteristics, including clay content (p<0.01), organic matter (p<0.01), and soil acidity (p<0.05). These findings underscore the importance of soil properties in influencing plant community composition and diversity.
In terms of species composition, the study found that the most prevalent tree species belonged to the beech family, which dominated the area. Among the herbaceous and fauna species, the Gramineae family and various soil ant species were most frequently observed in the northern direction. This highlights the ecological significance of specific plant families and their role in supporting diverse animal populations.
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the Khezr Nabi swamp significantly influences the surrounding tree cover, fauna, and edaphic conditions, forming a unique sub-habitat characterized by a distinct microclimate. This microclimate supports a diverse array of plant and animal species, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the region. Understanding the interactions between the swamp and its surrounding ecosystem is vital for developing effective conservation and management strategies. As we face increasing environmental challenges, such as climate change and habitat destruction, preserving the biodiversity of forest ecosystems like those found in Neimour becomes ever more critical. Future research should focus on the long-term monitoring of these ecosystems to better understand the impacts of environmental changes and to inform conservation efforts aimed at maintaining the ecological integrity of this important region. By fostering a deeper understanding of the relationships between species, their habitats, and the environmental factors that shape them, we can better protect and manage our natural resources for future generations.