دوره 13، شماره 1 - ( بهار و تابستان 1404 )
جلد 13 شماره 1 صفحات 71-54 |
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Amiri M, mohammady M, Younesi-Korkheili H. (2025). Structural changes in forest stands considering the intensity of degradation in a montane ecosystem (Case study: Abr Forest, Semnan Province). Ecol Iran For. 13(1), 54-71. doi:10.61186/ifej.2024.569
URL: http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-569-fa.html
URL: http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-569-fa.html
امیری مجتبی، محمدی مجید، یونسی کردخیلی حامد. تغییرات ساختاری توده‌های جنگلی با توجه به شدت تخریب در یک بوم‌سازگان کوهستانی (مطالعه موردی: جنگل ابر، استان سمنان) بوم شناسی جنگل های ایران (علمی- پژوهشی) 1404; 13 (1) :71-54 10.61186/ifej.2024.569
1- گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران
2- گروه صنایع چوب و کاغذ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران
2- گروه صنایع چوب و کاغذ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران
چکیده: (1634 مشاهده)
چکیده مبسوط
مقدمه و هدف: مطالعه حاضر در سه توده‌ی با ترکیب و ساختار و هم‌چنین شدت تخریب متفاوت در جنگل ابر شاهرود استان سمنان انجام شد. در هر توده 3 قطعه نمونه 1 هکتاری به ابعاد (100×100 متر) بهروش ترانسکت انتخاب شد. ترانسکت‌ها موازی با یکدیگر و در جهت کلی شیب دامنه (جهت جنوبیشمالی) و افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا مستقر شدند. در هر قطعه‌نمونه مشخصه‌های گونه، قطر در ارتفاع برابرسینه تمام درختان بیشتر از 7/5 سانتی‌متر اندازه‌گیری و ثبت شد. از قطر برابرسینه و رویه‌زمینی، تراکم درختان قطور، ضریب جینی، شاخص پیچیدگی ساختار و ضریب کاهش قطری دولیوکورت جهت مقایسه تفاوت بین توده‌ها استفاده شد. ارزیابی ساختار توده‌ها با توجه به شدت تخریب با استفاده از مثلث ساختار جنگل انجام شد. برای این‌کار، درختان در کلاسه‌های کم‌قطر (30 < سانتی‌متر)، میان‌قطر (50-30 سانتی‌متر) و قطور (بزرگ‌تر از 50 سانتی‌متر) طبقه‌بندی شدند. اندازه‌گیری تجدیدحیات گونه‌های چوبی در ریزقطعات نمونه با ابعاد 2×2 متر (4 مترمربع) در نظر گرفته‌شد. مشخصات تجدیدحیات گونه‌های چوبی در سه گروه با ارتفاع کمتر از 0/3، 1/30-0/30 و بیشتر از 1/30 متر اندازه‌گیری شد. تنوع گونه‌ای، غنا و یکنواختی توده‌های مورد مطالعه با استفاده از شاخص شانون وینر تعیین شد. شاخص‌های تنوع شانون وینر، یکنواختی و غنا باتوجه به گونه‌های شناسایی شده تعیین شدند. مشخصه‌های تنوع گونه‌ای، ترکیب، توزیع تعداد و رویه‌زمینی در طبقات قطری و وضعیت تجدیدحیات با استفاده از آزمون یک طرفه ANOVA و مقایسات چندگانه توکی در سطح 5 درصد باتوجه‌به نوع آشفتگی توده‌ها مقایسه شدند.
مواد و روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر در سه توده‌ی با ترکیب و ساختار و هم‌چنین شدت تخریب متفاوت در جنگل ابر شاهرود در استان سمنان انجام شد. در هر توده، 3 قطعه نمونه 1 هکتاری به ابعاد (100×100 متر) بهروش ترانسکت انتخاب شدند. ترانسکت‌ها موازی یکدیگر و در جهت کلی شیب مستقر شدند. در هر قطعه نمونه مشخصه‌های گونه، قطر در ارتفاع برابرسینه تمام درختان بیشتر از 7/5 سانتی‌متر اندازه‌گیری و ثبت شد. از قطر برابرسینه و رویه‌زمینی، تراکم درختان قطور، ضریب جینی، شاخص پیچیدگی ساختار و ضریب کاهش قطری دولیوکورت جهت مقایسه تفاوت بین توده‌ها استفاده شد. ارزیابی ساختار توده با توجه به شدت تخریب با استفاده از مثلث ساختار جنگل جهت ارزیابی ساختار توده‌ها بر اساس شدت تخریب استفاده شد. برای این کار رویه‌زمینی در طبقات کم‌قطر، میان‌قطر و قطور محاسبه شد. اندازه‌گیری تجدیدحیات گونه‌های چوبی در ریزقطعات نمونه با ابعاد 2×2 متر (4 مترمربع) در نظر گرفته شد. مشخصات تجدید حیات گونه‌های چوبی در سه گروه با ارتفاع کمتر از 0/3، 1/30 -0/30 و بیشتر از 1/30 متر اندازه‌گیری شد. مشخصه‌های تنوع گونه‌ای، ترکیب، توزیع تعداد و رویه‌زمینی در طبقات قطری و وضعیت تجدید حیات با استفاده از آزمون یک طرفه ANOVA و مقایسات چندگانه توکی در سطح 5 درصد با توجه به نوع آشفتگی توده‌ها مقایسه شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که 2683 پایه متعلق‌به 11 گونه‌ی چوبی در منطقه موردمطالعه وجود دارد. بیشترین و کمترین تراکم درختان به‌ترتیب به توده با تخریب متوسط (346 پایه در هکتار) و شدید (189 پایه در هکتار) تعلق داشت. هم‌چنین، توده با تخریب شدید بیشترین میانگین قطر برابرسینه (37/46 سانتی‌متر) و میانگین ارتفاع (11/86 متر) را در بین سه توده دارا بود. کمترین مقدار تنوع و یکنواختی گونه‌ای در توده با تخریب شدید (2/31=H'، 63/0Species evenness =) و بیشترین آن در توده دست‌نخورده (2/97=H'، 87/0Species evenness = ) مشاهده شد. توزیع فراوانی گونه‌ها در توده‌های جنگلی متفاوت است. ساختار توده‌ها فراوانی گسترده‌ای از حضور پایه‌های جوان و کم‌قطر (DBH < 30cm)، کاهش پایه‌های قطور و مسن (DBH > 55cm) را در هر سه توده نشان می‌دهد. توده با تخریب متوسط از متنوع‌ترین و فراوان‌ترین تجدید حیات گونه‌های چوبی برخوردار است. الگوی کلی توزیع تعداد در طبقات قطری توده‌های مورد مطالعه همانند توده‌های جنگلی ناهمسال طبیعی، رونده کاهنده یا نیمه هذلولی را نشان می‌دهد به طوری که منحنی توزیع جمعیت آنها از شکل جی J معکوس پیروی می‌کند. در هر سه توده، بیشترین فراوانی متعلق به گونه‌های لِوَر (Carpinus orientalis Mill. ) و اوری ( macranthera Fisch. &Quercus Mey) بود. در توده‌های کمتر دست‌خورده و تخریب زیاد، این دو گونه به ترتیب 60/5 درصد (667 و 440 فرد) و 22/7 درصد (250 و 165 فرد) از کل پایه‌های مورد بررسی را تشکیل می‌دهند. هچنین فراوانی زادآوری در توده‌های مورد مطالعه به طور متوسط (میانگین± انحراف معیار) 89±335 نونهال و 35±132 نهال (در سطح ۴ متر مربع) به‌دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: آشفتگی‌های انسانی می‌توانند بر مکانیسم‌های تجدید حیات گونه‌های جنگلی تأثیر بگذارند. برخی از آنها توانایی تداوم از طریق جست‌دهی و رشد غیرجنسی را نشان می‌دهند. با این‌حال، توجه به این نکته مهم است که همه گونه‌ها این ظرفیت را برای ماندگاری نشان نمی‌دهند. در منطقه مورد مطالعه، گونه‌هایی از جمله لِوَر، اوری و حتی مای‌مرز قابلیت جست‌دهی خوبی دارند و می‌توانند به راحتی در شرایط تخریب رویشگاه را احیاء کنند. شدت بهره‌برداری و برداشت در محیط با آشفتگی و تخریب متوسط، بیشتر و در محیط با تخریب زیاد، کمتر است با این‌حال، نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان می‌دهند که به‌نظر نمی‌رسد بهره‌برداری و برداشت درختان توسط جوامع محلی و حتی تفرج کنندگان اثرات نامطلوبی بر فراوانی، ساختار و زادآوری توده‌های مورد مطالعه داشته باشد. بلکه عوامل دیگری از جمله برداشت‌های غیرمجاز و قاچاق، احداث جاده و مسیرهای انتقال گاز و برق، تغییر کاربری و احتمالاً تغییر اقلیم می‌توانند نقش مهمی در تخریب این توده‌های ارزشمند داشته باشند. با توجه به نتایج تحقیق، بهبود وضعیت تجدید حیات طبیعی گونه‌های درختی بومی از طریق شیوه‌های مختلف جنگل‌کاری توصیه می‌شود و نیاز به حفاظت فوری به منظور اطمینان از بهره‌برداری و مدیریت پایدار جنگل است.
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