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Showing 9 results for Soil Properties
Zahra Mirazadi, Babak Pilehvar,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (8-2013)
Volume 1, Issue 2 (8-2013)
Abstract
Restoration planning of forest species necessitates knowledge of ecological attributes. Myrtle is one of the valuable species in Zagros forests that knowledge of ecological attributes is necessitated for restoring stands of this species.This study aimed to determine the effects of environmental factors on myrtle distribution in Lorestan province. Based on available information and forest surveying, 13 natural sites were identified. In each site, the most important ecological factors were measured . Soil samples were taken of 0-30 cm depth and physical and chemical properties such as soil texture, EC, pH, N, P and K were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to analyze collected data. PCA results showed that first three components explain 68.2 % of variations. The first component explains 27.64% of variation and denotes to some of soil properties such as Na and Ec. The second component reflects soil N and P values and explains 20.93 % of variations and third component reveals the role of altitude on myrtle dispersion and explains 19.67% of variation. The result of this study showed that myrtle can establish in a wide range of soil salinity and therefore it can be assigned into intolerant halophyte.
Seyedeh Somayeh Hosseini, Vahid Hosseini,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (6-2014)
Volume 2, Issue 4 (6-2014)
Abstract
Protection aspects are important in Zagros Forest because degradation and soil erosion is an important problem in this area. Consequently, the responsible organizations use needle-leaf species for forest restoration. The object of this study was investigation effect of exotics needle-leaves plantation on soil quality and compare with natural soil forest in Garan research station in Marivan. In order to study soil conditions, 10 soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm depth of each plantation stand (P. nigra Arnold, P. eldarica Medw. and C. arizonica Greene) and the natural stand of Q. brantii Lindl. as control. In total, 40 samples were collected. The results showed that nutrients of soil decreased significantly under needle-leaved species than control treatment. The amount of pH, C, N, P and K were decreased 0.5-3, 4-20, 26-36, 47-55 and 10-22 percent respectively under needle-leaved compared with natural stand as control.
Mohsen Gorgandi Pour, Seyed Ataollah Hosseini, Ehsan Abdi, Ghavamodin Zahedi Amiri,
Volume 5, Issue 9 (6-2017)
Volume 5, Issue 9 (6-2017)
Abstract
Landslides caused many ecological processes at landscape to local scales, including the ecological succession processes. The landslides geological characteristics and their management as physical risks are truly documented but the ecological processes that are caused by landslides and their relations to efforts to restore stability to unstable slopes, have not been well studied. In this study, soil mechanical, physical and chemical properties and herbaceous biodiversity of stabilized sliding area in Kheyrud Forest were compared to adjacent non-slide area. To study the properties of soil and herbaceous biodiversity in two areas were used 2×2 m plots. Past software was used to calculate biodiversity indexes and independent t-test in spss was used in order to compare biodiversity indexed and soil. No significant difference was found between soil chemical characteristics and herbaceous diversity in two areas. Results of soil mechanical properties showed that soil of the areas is fine-grained and clay loam (CL). Results generally showed that stabilized sliding area has returned to the original state before the landslide in terms of soil mechanical, physical and chemical properties after about two decades. It seems that in such areas it can be expected that the conditions of biodiversity of the grass are meaningless, and finally, by closing or redirecting the marginal slopes, some soil characteristics can be restored to the proper condition.
Golshan Al-Sadat Razavi Nattaj, Asghar Fallah, Seyed Mohammad Hodjati,
Volume 8, Issue 15 (5-2020)
Volume 8, Issue 15 (5-2020)
Abstract
Knowing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of plantation is principal of forest management. Laleh Natural Park in DEZFOUL, with a total area of 9.31 hectares, is located 11 km far from Dezful. The 23-year old stands in the studied park were Eucalyptus and Prosopis. In order to study the number of trees, according to the small levels of the studied stands (pure Eucalyptus 1.9 hectare and mixed with Prosopis 1.7 hectare), the full calipering inventory method was selected and the certain characteristics such as diameter at the breast height and height of all trees. According to the results, the average number of trees in the pure Eucalyptus stand is equal to 110.5 trees per hectare, the average diameter at breast height of stand is 25.22 cm and the average total height is 12.10 m. Also, the average number of species in the mixed Eucalyptus and Prosopis stand is 70.6 trees per hectare, the average diameter at breast height is 27.32 cm and the average total height is 9.57 m. In order to study the effect of Eucalyptus and Prosopis on the soil of the area, 50 soil samples were taken at 2 depth of 0-10 and 10-20 cm from pure and mixed stands and some soil characteristics including texture, moisture and acidity were studies. Soil texture of both stands in this study was loam. There was no significant difference between the two populations in terms of total relative humidity. In terms of acidity, there was a significant difference between two soil depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil in the pure stand which was higher at depth of 10-20 cm.
Masoud Bazgir , Zainab Riahi, Fatemeh Valizadeh, Mahmood Rostaminyd,
Volume 8, Issue 15 (5-2020)
Volume 8, Issue 15 (5-2020)
Abstract
Fire is a big threat to natural resources in the world and is an important factor in changing the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fire on the physical and chemical properties of the soil in oak forest of Badreh located in 70 km of Ilam province and to compare it with unburnt (control) areas. Soil sampling carried out in two topsoil (0-5cm) and subsoil (5-20cm) depths. Five plots in 50×50m dimension designed in burnt and unburnt forests and in each plot 5 soil samples were collected randomly from topsoil and subsoil and were transferred to the laboratory to soil physical and chemical analyses. According to the results fire increased the amount of sand and silt by 15.56%, 15.18% respectively, compared with unburnt forest. But, the percentage of clay decreased under burn condition. Fire declined aggregate stability in soil 0-5 and 5-20cm depths by 10.61 and 17.81 respectively. The most CEC content (20.98 cmol/kg) and the least one (16.56 cmol/kg) was observed in unburnt forest comparison with burnt forest respectively. Burned increased soil organic carbon but by increasing soil depth decreased it. In the study area, fire affected significantly K and P available in forest soil. To sum up, fire changed soil physical and chemical properties of oak forest in Badreh region in Ilam Province as well as this phenomenon increased essential nutrient elements resulting from soil fertility improvement in the study area.
Hasan Shahrezei, Dr. Marzban Faramarzi, Dr. Mehdi Heydari, Morteza Poorreza,
Volume 8, Issue 16 (10-2020)
Volume 8, Issue 16 (10-2020)
Abstract
The decline of trees has been raised as one of the main problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Understanding the type and extent of the relationships among different environmental factors – e.g. soil characteristics as the basis for growth and development of plant species - and natural disturbances can be facilitated the ways of sustainable forest management and a useful tool for monitoring them. This study aimed to compare some soil physical, chemical and microbial properties in relation to the oak decline in the southern Zagros forest in Malekshahi county in Ilam province. The two-way analysis of variance showed that the effect of elevation, as well as the interaction between oak vitality classes and elevation on soil salinity, organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium and lime were significant. Among soil chemical properties, the factors of organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N), Potassium (K) and electrical conductivity (EC) of the understory of trees were significantly affected by elevation, oak vitality classes and the elevation by vitality interaction. Higher values of these characteristics observed under the healthy oak trees in highland, which indicated a decreasing trend with increasing rates of drought in this elevation class. The effect of elevation and oak vitality and their interaction on sand, clay and bulk density was significant. The results showed that the soil saturated moisture content was significantly lower under dead trees (33.9%) in middle land and semi-dried trees (32.28%) in lowland than other trees. The percentage of sand was higher under dead trees than semi-dried and healthy trees in lowland and midland. A minimum amount of soil bulk density was found at all three classes of elevation under the semi-dried trees showed. The interaction between elevation and vitality was significant on basal respiration (BR) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR). The highest values of BR and SIR observed under healthy trees in highland (71.22 and 97.32 mgCO2-C kg-1 day-1) which a decreasing trend has been found with the increasing intensity of tree dieback in the study area. The amount of N, OC, and K showed the highest value under healthy oak trees in highland. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the soil chemical and biological properties can be able to predict the decline of trees along the elevation gradient.
Dr. Masoud Naderi, Dr. Ali Kialashaki, Dr. Ramin Veisi, Dr. Ali Sheykheslami, Dr. Mahya Tafazoli,
Volume 9, Issue 18 (9-2021)
Volume 9, Issue 18 (9-2021)
Abstract
Introduction and objective: Climate change and global warming is one of the major challenges in the context of sustainable development, which is due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. Afforestation is one of the practical and simple ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and increase carbon uptake in the soil. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of soil carbon sequestration in Populus deltoides plantation located on different elevation classes.
Materials and methods: Three sites (Mahdasht, Pahnekola and NaghibdehMazde) were selected at elevations between 150 to 1200 m in Sari city. Quantitative variables including diameter at breast height, total height, basal area of all trees with a diameter more than 7.5 cm were recorded (full inventory method). Ten soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10 cm in each site using the core method in order to study soil physical (moisture, texture and bulk density) and chemical properties (pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon).
Results: The highest diameter (27.83 cm), height (21.13 m), basal area (0.046 m2) and volume (2.11 m3) was observed in Mahdasht and the lowest values were observed in Pahnekola. The lowest amount of pH (6.26±0.04), EC (0.3±0.01 ds/m), total nitrogen (0.11±0.01 %), potassium (169.49±25.00 mg/kg) and organic carbon (1.43±0.06 %) were observed in NaghibdehMazde (highest altitude). The highest and lowest rate of carbon sequestration was observed in Mahdasht (lowest altitude) and NaghibdehMazde (highest altitude), respectively. In general, in lower altitudes, poplar trees had a much better diameter growth than higher altitudes.
Conclusion: According to results, it can be stated that planting Populus deltoides in lower altitudes can be a suitable approach to reduce the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxid.
Shahab Bakhtiari, Tymour Rostani Shahraji, Reza Akhavan, Reza Ebrahimi Atani,
Volume 11, Issue 22 (11-2023)
Volume 11, Issue 22 (11-2023)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Background: Investigating the presence of species in forest habitats is crucial for identifying areas suitable for planting and successfully restoring species, as well as understanding the relationship between species presence and environmental factors. This research focuses on predicting the probability of the presence and absence of the Pistacia atlantica forest species in relation to environmental variables, specifically topography and soil science data. The study was conducted in a section of Khojir National Park in Tehran province, covering an area of 120 hectares. Modeling was performed using artificial neural networks and geostatistics to achieve reliable predictions.
Methods: o prepare the necessary maps, slope, aspect, and altitude data were derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. Tree sampling in the region was conducted using a regular-random sampling method based on a grid of 100 x 150 meters, resulting in 61 sampling points. Soil sampling was carried out in 17 sample plots, taking into account the diversity of soil conditions by recording the spatial coordinates of each plot. A variety of soil variables were measured in the laboratory, including apparent specific gravity, true specific gravity, absorbable potassium, nitrogen percentage, absorbable phosphorus, organic carbon percentage, electrical conductivity, acidity, soil saturation percentage, lime percentage, and the percentages of sand, silt, and clay. The environmental factors related to soil variables were mapped using geostatistics and GS+ software. Subsequently, a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network model was designed and validated, correlating the environmental features as model inputs with the presence and absence of Pistacia atlantica as the model output. This validation was conducted using SPSS Modeler software. Finally, based on the model results and the digital map of environmental factors, a prediction map indicating the probability of the presence and absence of Pistacia atlantica was generated using ArcGIS software.
Results: The results of the study revealed that the artificial neural network demonstrated high accuracy, achieving a prediction accuracy of 91% for the presence and absence of Pistacia atlantica. The analysis indicated significant relationships between the presence of Pistacia atlantica and several environmental variables, including electrical conductivity, apparent specific gravity, geographical direction, nitrogen percentage, and altitude. The importance coefficients for these variables were determined to be 0.43, 0.21, 0.17, 0.15, and 0.05, respectively. Furthermore, the agreement between the prediction map and the ground reality map was assessed as good, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.651, indicating a reliable model performance.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that it is possible to utilize a combination of topographic and soil data to accurately estimate the characteristics influencing the presence of Pistacia atlantica in the researched forests. The generated maps can serve as valuable tools for identifying areas that are conducive to the restoration of this species' habitat. This approach not only enhances our understanding of species distribution in relation to environmental factors but also provides practical applications for conservation efforts aimed at restoring and managing forest ecosystems. By integrating advanced modeling techniques with ecological data, we can better inform strategies for biodiversity conservation and habitat restoration in forested areas.
Methods: o prepare the necessary maps, slope, aspect, and altitude data were derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. Tree sampling in the region was conducted using a regular-random sampling method based on a grid of 100 x 150 meters, resulting in 61 sampling points. Soil sampling was carried out in 17 sample plots, taking into account the diversity of soil conditions by recording the spatial coordinates of each plot. A variety of soil variables were measured in the laboratory, including apparent specific gravity, true specific gravity, absorbable potassium, nitrogen percentage, absorbable phosphorus, organic carbon percentage, electrical conductivity, acidity, soil saturation percentage, lime percentage, and the percentages of sand, silt, and clay. The environmental factors related to soil variables were mapped using geostatistics and GS+ software. Subsequently, a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network model was designed and validated, correlating the environmental features as model inputs with the presence and absence of Pistacia atlantica as the model output. This validation was conducted using SPSS Modeler software. Finally, based on the model results and the digital map of environmental factors, a prediction map indicating the probability of the presence and absence of Pistacia atlantica was generated using ArcGIS software.
Results: The results of the study revealed that the artificial neural network demonstrated high accuracy, achieving a prediction accuracy of 91% for the presence and absence of Pistacia atlantica. The analysis indicated significant relationships between the presence of Pistacia atlantica and several environmental variables, including electrical conductivity, apparent specific gravity, geographical direction, nitrogen percentage, and altitude. The importance coefficients for these variables were determined to be 0.43, 0.21, 0.17, 0.15, and 0.05, respectively. Furthermore, the agreement between the prediction map and the ground reality map was assessed as good, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.651, indicating a reliable model performance.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that it is possible to utilize a combination of topographic and soil data to accurately estimate the characteristics influencing the presence of Pistacia atlantica in the researched forests. The generated maps can serve as valuable tools for identifying areas that are conducive to the restoration of this species' habitat. This approach not only enhances our understanding of species distribution in relation to environmental factors but also provides practical applications for conservation efforts aimed at restoring and managing forest ecosystems. By integrating advanced modeling techniques with ecological data, we can better inform strategies for biodiversity conservation and habitat restoration in forested areas.
Dr Yahya Kooch, Dr Zahra Mohmedi, Dr Mojtaba Amiri, Dr Mehrdad Zarafshar, Dr Saeid Shabani, Dr Majid Mohammady,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: In dry ecosystems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, which are fragile and vulnerable ecosystems, forest destruction and land use change are considered to be one of the most important factors affecting the variability of soil characteristics. In this regard, soil respiration, as the main carbon control process in underground processes, is correlated with soil microbial activity, availability of different substrates, soil nutrient content, root dynamics, soil temperature and moisture, and is considered a good indicator to estimate the productivity of ecosystems.
Purpose: Given that the long-term consequences of land degradation and soil properties and microbial respiration, which significantly affect global carbon dioxide emissions, are not fully understood. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of forest destruction and land use change on the physical, chemical and respiration properties of soil in semi-arid mountain ecosystems.
Research method: The current investigation was conducted in the mountainous area of Mikhsaz, Kajur village, which is a part of Nowshahr City region situated in the Mazandaran province of Northern Iran. The altitude ranges from 1600 to 1700 meters above sea level, with a slope gradient of 10 to 20 percent. The area experiences an annual precipitation of 365 mm and a mean annual temperature of 11˚C. Soils are clay loam and classified under the Alfisoils order according to the Soil Taxonomy (United States Department of Agriculture, 2014). The examined region has potential for forest (including Carpinus orientalis Mill. and Quercus macranthera F&M.) as well as rangeland (including Artemisia aucheri Boiss. and Astragalus podolobus Boiss. & Hohen). The study area was predominantly covered with forests, but due to human activities during the last 30 years, it has been transformed into three distinct uses of forest, forest- woodland and rangeland. In each of the studied uses (forest, woodland and rangeland), four sample plots with an area of four hectares (200 × 200 meters) were considered at a distance of 4-6 km from each other. The selected areas in terms of bedrock (dolomite limestone), physiography (average height of 1650 meters above sea level and the slope of the area between 10 and 15% and the dominant geographical direction north), climatic conditions (cold mountains) and management conditions (without human intervention, fertilization and livestock grazing) were similar. Soil sampling was done in summer. Soil samples (in an area of 30 × 30 cm from two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm) were taken from the four corners and the center of each of the sample pieces. In total, five samples were collected in each sample plot and a total of 20 soil samples were collected from the depth of 0-15 cm and 20 soil samples were collected from the depth of 15-30 cm from each land cover. In order to investigate the difference or non-difference of the values of the studied characteristics in the studied habitats, a split plot design was used for physical and chemical characteristics and ANOVA analysis of variance was used for biological characteristics with SPSS version 20 software. In order to determine the relationship between vegetation and soil respiration, graphs were drawn using Excel software.
Results: Examining the changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil showed that the characteristics of micro- aggregate, macro- aggregate, soil stability, weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates, carbon in micro- aggregate, carbon in macro- aggregate, ratio of carbon in micro to macro- aggregate, nitrogen in micro- aggregate, nitrogen in macro- aggregate, carbon to nitrogen ratio in micro- aggregate, carbon to nitrogen ratio in macro- aggregate, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic matter among three land uses. Also, the results showed that micro- aggregate, macro- aggregate, weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates, carbon in micro- aggregate, carbon in macro- aggregate, nitrogen in micro- aggregate, nitrogen in macro- aggregate, ratio of nitrogen in micro to macro soil and dissolved organic matter, carbon and nitrogen showed significant difference in two soil depths. The results of examining the changes of soil elements in relation to soil carbon and nitrogen characteristics in three uses of forest, woodland and rangelands showed that nitrogen in micro-aggregate (0.13, 0.09, 0.05 %), nitrogen in macro-aggregate (0.32, 0.16, 0.08 %), dissolve organic carbon (52.16, 38.05, 18.41 g kg-1), dissolve organic nitrogen (27.23, 17.85, 12.9 g kg-1) and showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between the three uses in the first soil depth. The results of soil microbial characteristics showed that substrate induced respiration in all the treatments used in forest land use were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other two land covers.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties are influenced by the above-ground vegetation, particularly in the topsoil layer. Therefore, the removal of vegetation can lead to significant deterioration of soil properties in semi-arid regions. Considering that the soil in semi-arid areas is highly susceptible to destruction, as a result, the reduction and destruction of vegetation play an important role in intensifying these effects and influencing the provision of ecosystem services in such areas. Furthermore, the relationship between soil respiration and carbon dioxide emissions is intrinsically linked to climate change. Also, the results of this research emphasize that the conversion of forest areas to other ecosystems has led to changes in the carbon and nitrogen cycle and soil microbial respiration. The results of this research can contribute to the development of sustainable management and restoration programs for degraded areas in similar climates, because the high quality of the soil of these forests indicates the high potential of woody vegetation (especially Carpinus orientalis Mill. and Quercus macranthera F&M.) for soil protection and biodiversity. Also, these findings can be the basis for designing educational programs for local communities in preserving natural ecosystems by preventing land use changes and rehabilitating degraded areas. In general, these studies can help to improve environmental, economic and social conditions in different regions. Finally, this study emphasizes the urgent need to use sustainable management practices to prevent further degradation and promote the implementation of restoration techniques in degraded forests.
Purpose: Given that the long-term consequences of land degradation and soil properties and microbial respiration, which significantly affect global carbon dioxide emissions, are not fully understood. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of forest destruction and land use change on the physical, chemical and respiration properties of soil in semi-arid mountain ecosystems.
Research method: The current investigation was conducted in the mountainous area of Mikhsaz, Kajur village, which is a part of Nowshahr City region situated in the Mazandaran province of Northern Iran. The altitude ranges from 1600 to 1700 meters above sea level, with a slope gradient of 10 to 20 percent. The area experiences an annual precipitation of 365 mm and a mean annual temperature of 11˚C. Soils are clay loam and classified under the Alfisoils order according to the Soil Taxonomy (United States Department of Agriculture, 2014). The examined region has potential for forest (including Carpinus orientalis Mill. and Quercus macranthera F&M.) as well as rangeland (including Artemisia aucheri Boiss. and Astragalus podolobus Boiss. & Hohen). The study area was predominantly covered with forests, but due to human activities during the last 30 years, it has been transformed into three distinct uses of forest, forest- woodland and rangeland. In each of the studied uses (forest, woodland and rangeland), four sample plots with an area of four hectares (200 × 200 meters) were considered at a distance of 4-6 km from each other. The selected areas in terms of bedrock (dolomite limestone), physiography (average height of 1650 meters above sea level and the slope of the area between 10 and 15% and the dominant geographical direction north), climatic conditions (cold mountains) and management conditions (without human intervention, fertilization and livestock grazing) were similar. Soil sampling was done in summer. Soil samples (in an area of 30 × 30 cm from two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm) were taken from the four corners and the center of each of the sample pieces. In total, five samples were collected in each sample plot and a total of 20 soil samples were collected from the depth of 0-15 cm and 20 soil samples were collected from the depth of 15-30 cm from each land cover. In order to investigate the difference or non-difference of the values of the studied characteristics in the studied habitats, a split plot design was used for physical and chemical characteristics and ANOVA analysis of variance was used for biological characteristics with SPSS version 20 software. In order to determine the relationship between vegetation and soil respiration, graphs were drawn using Excel software.
Results: Examining the changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil showed that the characteristics of micro- aggregate, macro- aggregate, soil stability, weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates, carbon in micro- aggregate, carbon in macro- aggregate, ratio of carbon in micro to macro- aggregate, nitrogen in micro- aggregate, nitrogen in macro- aggregate, carbon to nitrogen ratio in micro- aggregate, carbon to nitrogen ratio in macro- aggregate, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic matter among three land uses. Also, the results showed that micro- aggregate, macro- aggregate, weighted mean diameter of soil aggregates, carbon in micro- aggregate, carbon in macro- aggregate, nitrogen in micro- aggregate, nitrogen in macro- aggregate, ratio of nitrogen in micro to macro soil and dissolved organic matter, carbon and nitrogen showed significant difference in two soil depths. The results of examining the changes of soil elements in relation to soil carbon and nitrogen characteristics in three uses of forest, woodland and rangelands showed that nitrogen in micro-aggregate (0.13, 0.09, 0.05 %), nitrogen in macro-aggregate (0.32, 0.16, 0.08 %), dissolve organic carbon (52.16, 38.05, 18.41 g kg-1), dissolve organic nitrogen (27.23, 17.85, 12.9 g kg-1) and showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between the three uses in the first soil depth. The results of soil microbial characteristics showed that substrate induced respiration in all the treatments used in forest land use were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other two land covers.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties are influenced by the above-ground vegetation, particularly in the topsoil layer. Therefore, the removal of vegetation can lead to significant deterioration of soil properties in semi-arid regions. Considering that the soil in semi-arid areas is highly susceptible to destruction, as a result, the reduction and destruction of vegetation play an important role in intensifying these effects and influencing the provision of ecosystem services in such areas. Furthermore, the relationship between soil respiration and carbon dioxide emissions is intrinsically linked to climate change. Also, the results of this research emphasize that the conversion of forest areas to other ecosystems has led to changes in the carbon and nitrogen cycle and soil microbial respiration. The results of this research can contribute to the development of sustainable management and restoration programs for degraded areas in similar climates, because the high quality of the soil of these forests indicates the high potential of woody vegetation (especially Carpinus orientalis Mill. and Quercus macranthera F&M.) for soil protection and biodiversity. Also, these findings can be the basis for designing educational programs for local communities in preserving natural ecosystems by preventing land use changes and rehabilitating degraded areas. In general, these studies can help to improve environmental, economic and social conditions in different regions. Finally, this study emphasizes the urgent need to use sustainable management practices to prevent further degradation and promote the implementation of restoration techniques in degraded forests.
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