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Showing 7 results for Climate Change
Bafrin Maroufi Aghdam, Javad Torkaman, Mehrdad Ghodskhah, Sarkhosh Karamzadeh, Marzie Ahmadi,
Volume 3, Issue 5 (9-2015)
Volume 3, Issue 5 (9-2015)
Abstract
Due to variances in response of different tree species in different habitats to climate changes, further studies in this field is clearly required. On the other hand, the lack of studies on chronology to evaluate the effect of solar radiation on radial growth of tree species due to lack of long term data of an important climatic variable, new approaches to determine the effect of this parameter on growth diameter is inevitable. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and irradiance climatic parameters on growth of diagonal oak (Quercus castaneifolia) as one of the main tree species of forests in Iran. For this purpose, 17 harvested Quercus castaneifolia disks from trees in Astara forest were used and chronology of the species and the response of radial growth to temperature and radiation climatic variables were studied. The findings revealed that although the chronology obtained from two perpendicular directions of each disk for 15 disks had the desired result but the chronology obtained from the 15 selected disks with each other reflected the fact that only 10 disks had acceptable results for chronology of Quercus castaneifolia in Astara forest. Results also revealed that both temperature and solar radiation parameters had negativly significant effect on growth of Quercus castaneifolia. The correlation coefficient (R) between the radial growth and these two variables was -0.52 and -0.45, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that although both solar radiation and temperature have a negative effects on growth of Quercus castaneifolia, the temperature is more important than radiation. This fact can be related to cloudy condition of weather in the north part of Iran.
Dr. Roya Abedi, Dr. Ladan Kazemi Rad,
Volume 9, Issue 17 (5-2021)
Volume 9, Issue 17 (5-2021)
Abstract
Forests have great potential for moderating climate changes and contain the most carbon storage in the world. Therefore, any kind of threat and change in this ecosystem may lead to changes in vegetation composition, reduced diversity, and ecosystems service on local, regional,and global scales. The main purpose of this study was to compare the climate parameters changes in a forest ecosystem vs urban area. The minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, and radiation by using ofLARS-WG model were evaluated for the past and the future periods in a forest climatic station at Kaleybar (settled in Arasbaran forest)and Tabriz as an urban station. The results of the study in the past period showed that all the climate parameters had a significant difference (p≤0.05) between forest and urban areas. The minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and radiation have a lower amount but the average rainfall has a significantly higher amount in the forest station (p≤0.05). In addition, all climatic parameters will increase except the minimum temperature in the future. The comparison of the future climate condition in the Arasbaran forest showed that minimum temperature and radiation will increase significantly, but maximum temperature and precipitation will not show a significant difference. Eventually, the present study showed that the climate change trend of the forest ecosystem was less than the urban environment, and it refers to the role of forest ecosystem in climate change mitigation.
Mohammad Javad Rousta, Kowkab Enayati, Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour, Kourosh Kamali,
Volume 9, Issue 17 (5-2021)
Volume 9, Issue 17 (5-2021)
Abstract
Carbon storage by natural forests, plantation forests, pastures and soils is the best way to reduce atmospheric carbon. This study was conducted in 2018 with the aim of evaluating the effect of spate irrigation on the biomass and carbon storage in various organs of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia salicina plantation at the Kowsar station located in Gare-Bygone Plain. After truncating the trees, trunk, branches and leaves were separated. In addition, the amount of litter produced under the trees was also collected and weighed. Afterwards, the dried samples were powdered by electric milling and the carbon content in the samples including trunk, branch, leaf and litter was measured by electro-ash method. Data were analyzed using randomized complete block design and the means were compared by Tukey test at P<0.05. The results showed that leaves had the lowest amount of carbon storage and trunk had the highest amount of carbon storage. In eucalyptus stand (first strip), the highest carbon content of 187.56 t/ha was stored as living tissue including trunk, branch and leaf litter. Given that each ton of carbon equals 3.67 tons of carbon dioxide gas, it can be concluded that the amount of 688.34 tons of carbon dioxide gas in the air in different organs of the plant and in litter stored as organic matter. In acacia, however, the amount of carbon stored was 72.81 t/ha and the equivalent of stored carbon dioxide was 267.21 t/ha. The economic-environmental value of this amount of stored carbon was calculated to be $137619.05 and $5333.33 per hectare, respectively. With respect to 32 years of spreading water in these areas, each hectare of eucalyptus and acacia trees averages 21.51 and 8.35 tons of carbon dioxide gas have been stored as organic matter per year, respectively. In this respegt, the eucalyptus plantation has played a greater role in reducing air pollution. The economic value of the oxygen produced in the forests of eucalyptus and acacia ($11190.5 and $1774.28, respectively) is also adds to the economic value of reducing carbon dioxide, and their economic performance value reach to $148809.52 and $55238.10, respectively. Therefore, the development of eucalyptus afforestation toghether with spate irrigation method in similar prone areas is more economically justified and recommended from a carbon storage perspective.
Dr. Masoud Naderi, Dr. Ali Kialashaki, Dr. Ramin Veisi, Dr. Ali Sheykheslami, Dr. Mahya Tafazoli,
Volume 9, Issue 18 (9-2021)
Volume 9, Issue 18 (9-2021)
Abstract
Introduction and objective: Climate change and global warming is one of the major challenges in the context of sustainable development, which is due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. Afforestation is one of the practical and simple ways to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and increase carbon uptake in the soil. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of soil carbon sequestration in Populus deltoides plantation located on different elevation classes.
Materials and methods: Three sites (Mahdasht, Pahnekola and NaghibdehMazde) were selected at elevations between 150 to 1200 m in Sari city. Quantitative variables including diameter at breast height, total height, basal area of all trees with a diameter more than 7.5 cm were recorded (full inventory method). Ten soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10 cm in each site using the core method in order to study soil physical (moisture, texture and bulk density) and chemical properties (pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon).
Results: The highest diameter (27.83 cm), height (21.13 m), basal area (0.046 m2) and volume (2.11 m3) was observed in Mahdasht and the lowest values were observed in Pahnekola. The lowest amount of pH (6.26±0.04), EC (0.3±0.01 ds/m), total nitrogen (0.11±0.01 %), potassium (169.49±25.00 mg/kg) and organic carbon (1.43±0.06 %) were observed in NaghibdehMazde (highest altitude). The highest and lowest rate of carbon sequestration was observed in Mahdasht (lowest altitude) and NaghibdehMazde (highest altitude), respectively. In general, in lower altitudes, poplar trees had a much better diameter growth than higher altitudes.
Conclusion: According to results, it can be stated that planting Populus deltoides in lower altitudes can be a suitable approach to reduce the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxid.
Maryam Mahmoudi, Elias Ramezani, Abbas Banedg Shafei, Ali Salehi, Majid Pato, Omid Hossein Zade,
Volume 10, Issue 20 (11-2022)
Volume 10, Issue 20 (11-2022)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Urban forests play an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Quantification of carbon storage and sequestration by urban forests is critical for the assessment of the actual and potential role of urban forests in reducing atmospheric CO2. With the aim of determining the most suitable urban trees for carbon sequestration, this study compared the amount of carbon stock in biomass and litter of afforested areas in Lavizan Forest Park in Tehran.
Materials and Methods: Six 40-year forest types including Pinus eldarica-Cupressus arizonica (pure coniferous), Robinia pseudoacacia-Fraxinus sp. (pure hardwood), Robinia p.-Fraxinus and Cupressus arizonica-Robinia p. (mixed) with the largest area were selected. In each afforestation type, 25 sample plots of 100 square meters were established. In each sample plot, quantitative characteristics of trees including diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), height at the beginning of the crown and two perpendicular diameters of the crown were measured. Inside each main plot, litter was collected in one square meter micro-plots. As the data were normal according to the Shapiro-Wilk Test, the means of tree quantitative variables and carbon sequestration were compared using Duncan Test. To understand the influence of most important quantitative variables on sample plot distribution, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was run in PC-ORD (ver.5).
Results: According to the results, the maximum and minimum carbon were stored as biomass in stands of Cupressus arizonica (131.3 kg per tree) and Robinia pseudoacacia, (14.1 kg per tree), respectively. The highest and lowest carbon storage in litter belonged respectively to Pinus eldarica (1.2 tons per hectare) and Fraxinus (0.1 ton per hectare) types.
Conclusion: According to the result, it can be said that different plantation types have different ability to store carbon in the biomass and litter. Overall, carbon storage potential in conifers (Cupressus arizonica and Pinus eldarica) was higher than in broadleaved species (Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus sp.) in the study area.
Introduction and Objective: Urban forests play an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Quantification of carbon storage and sequestration by urban forests is critical for the assessment of the actual and potential role of urban forests in reducing atmospheric CO2. With the aim of determining the most suitable urban trees for carbon sequestration, this study compared the amount of carbon stock in biomass and litter of afforested areas in Lavizan Forest Park in Tehran.
Materials and Methods: Six 40-year forest types including Pinus eldarica-Cupressus arizonica (pure coniferous), Robinia pseudoacacia-Fraxinus sp. (pure hardwood), Robinia p.-Fraxinus and Cupressus arizonica-Robinia p. (mixed) with the largest area were selected. In each afforestation type, 25 sample plots of 100 square meters were established. In each sample plot, quantitative characteristics of trees including diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), height at the beginning of the crown and two perpendicular diameters of the crown were measured. Inside each main plot, litter was collected in one square meter micro-plots. As the data were normal according to the Shapiro-Wilk Test, the means of tree quantitative variables and carbon sequestration were compared using Duncan Test. To understand the influence of most important quantitative variables on sample plot distribution, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was run in PC-ORD (ver.5).
Results: According to the results, the maximum and minimum carbon were stored as biomass in stands of Cupressus arizonica (131.3 kg per tree) and Robinia pseudoacacia, (14.1 kg per tree), respectively. The highest and lowest carbon storage in litter belonged respectively to Pinus eldarica (1.2 tons per hectare) and Fraxinus (0.1 ton per hectare) types.
Conclusion: According to the result, it can be said that different plantation types have different ability to store carbon in the biomass and litter. Overall, carbon storage potential in conifers (Cupressus arizonica and Pinus eldarica) was higher than in broadleaved species (Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus sp.) in the study area.
Seyedeh Kosar Hamidi, Asghar Fallah,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (10-2024)
Volume 12, Issue 2 (10-2024)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Background: Currently, forests are not only considered an economic pole but also a support for the survival of other sectors. For this reason, decision-making, as the core of management, is an inseparable part of the tasks of managers and planners in natural resource units. Forest management planning is an important decision-making tool in forestry. The result is a management plan that defines the expected activities, their timing, and their control to achieve the objectives of forest management in a forested area. However, climate change over time affects the biological and ecological conditions of plant communities. Considering the importance of sustainable development, it is necessary to pay attention to this issue to offer solutions to adapt to these changes and reduce the risks. Global climate change is increasing with the rise in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, as well as changes in precipitation. These changes also affect forest ecosystem services, growth, harvest patterns, and forest structure, posing new challenges to forest ecosystems. Predicting the future growth of forests and their performance under different scenarios is a key element in planning sustainable forest management. It is also essential to study and model the quantitative characteristics of forests to target the ecosystem toward desirable goals and implement conservation and restoration measures. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the basal area growth model of trees under climatic conditions for the next five decades.
Methods: This study was conducted in the Jojadeh section of the Farim Forest in Mazandaran Province. This section covers approximately 2803 hectares with elevations between 782 and 1750 m above sea level. The climate of the region was classified as humid according to the Ivanov method. The annual rainfall and average annual temperature are approximately 833 mm and
11 °C, respectively. Forest species include Fagus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Alnus subcordata, Quercus castaneifolia, Acer velutinum and other species. In this study, circular fixed sample plots (1 are) were established and measured in the deciduous and uneven‑aged Farim forest. A 200 m × 150 m rectangular census was established in the forest. The diameter and tree species of all living trees with a diameter of more than 12.5 cm were measured with calipers. The basal areas of both the trees and thickest trees were two important competitive factors used as independent variables in this study. The trees measured at the beginning of the study period were re-measured and identified at the end of the study period (10 years later). Finally, the forest growth rate and growth model were calculated, analyzed, and modeled using the R software. The relationships between these factors were determined using the growth model of the basal area and the climatic information of the study area. Using the HadCM3 general circulation model data, three scenarios, A1B, A2, and B1, were used to program and analyze the relationship between the basal area growth and climate factors for the next 50 years.
Results: The basal area growth model has good accuracy, with a 94% correlation. In addition, the basal area, basal area of the thickest trees, and precipitation were the most important features in the growth changes at the sample plot level. The results of climate prediction for the next 50 years were analyzed separately by species. The results indicate that each scenario creates different conditions for each species, which is an important issue in forest management as each species depends on its biological conditions, and the habitat itself responds differently in the region. Because of the rise in temperature in the region, competition will increase among heliophyte species, and, to the same extent, sciophytes species will be rarely seen in the region in the future.
Conclusion: The results of this study can serve as a su itable tool to support management decisions and plans for the conservation and rehabilitation of Syrian forests in line with the effects of climate change. This is because the trend of climatic conditions indicates that torrential rains and floods will likely not increase significantly in Mazandaran province in the coming decades compared to the current and past situation while the temperature increase will take a faster pace. According to the results, the development of vegetation models for the tree basal area is strongly influenced by climatic variables, especially precipitation, which should be considered in forest management. Because climate change is regarded as one of the most important factors for tree growth, it is highly useful to carry out such studies to understand future changes in forest stands under the influence of this phenomenon and to apply them in the management and planning of forests and their management.
Background: Currently, forests are not only considered an economic pole but also a support for the survival of other sectors. For this reason, decision-making, as the core of management, is an inseparable part of the tasks of managers and planners in natural resource units. Forest management planning is an important decision-making tool in forestry. The result is a management plan that defines the expected activities, their timing, and their control to achieve the objectives of forest management in a forested area. However, climate change over time affects the biological and ecological conditions of plant communities. Considering the importance of sustainable development, it is necessary to pay attention to this issue to offer solutions to adapt to these changes and reduce the risks. Global climate change is increasing with the rise in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, as well as changes in precipitation. These changes also affect forest ecosystem services, growth, harvest patterns, and forest structure, posing new challenges to forest ecosystems. Predicting the future growth of forests and their performance under different scenarios is a key element in planning sustainable forest management. It is also essential to study and model the quantitative characteristics of forests to target the ecosystem toward desirable goals and implement conservation and restoration measures. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the basal area growth model of trees under climatic conditions for the next five decades.
Methods: This study was conducted in the Jojadeh section of the Farim Forest in Mazandaran Province. This section covers approximately 2803 hectares with elevations between 782 and 1750 m above sea level. The climate of the region was classified as humid according to the Ivanov method. The annual rainfall and average annual temperature are approximately 833 mm and
11 °C, respectively. Forest species include Fagus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Alnus subcordata, Quercus castaneifolia, Acer velutinum and other species. In this study, circular fixed sample plots (1 are) were established and measured in the deciduous and uneven‑aged Farim forest. A 200 m × 150 m rectangular census was established in the forest. The diameter and tree species of all living trees with a diameter of more than 12.5 cm were measured with calipers. The basal areas of both the trees and thickest trees were two important competitive factors used as independent variables in this study. The trees measured at the beginning of the study period were re-measured and identified at the end of the study period (10 years later). Finally, the forest growth rate and growth model were calculated, analyzed, and modeled using the R software. The relationships between these factors were determined using the growth model of the basal area and the climatic information of the study area. Using the HadCM3 general circulation model data, three scenarios, A1B, A2, and B1, were used to program and analyze the relationship between the basal area growth and climate factors for the next 50 years.
Results: The basal area growth model has good accuracy, with a 94% correlation. In addition, the basal area, basal area of the thickest trees, and precipitation were the most important features in the growth changes at the sample plot level. The results of climate prediction for the next 50 years were analyzed separately by species. The results indicate that each scenario creates different conditions for each species, which is an important issue in forest management as each species depends on its biological conditions, and the habitat itself responds differently in the region. Because of the rise in temperature in the region, competition will increase among heliophyte species, and, to the same extent, sciophytes species will be rarely seen in the region in the future.
Conclusion: The results of this study can serve as a su itable tool to support management decisions and plans for the conservation and rehabilitation of Syrian forests in line with the effects of climate change. This is because the trend of climatic conditions indicates that torrential rains and floods will likely not increase significantly in Mazandaran province in the coming decades compared to the current and past situation while the temperature increase will take a faster pace. According to the results, the development of vegetation models for the tree basal area is strongly influenced by climatic variables, especially precipitation, which should be considered in forest management. Because climate change is regarded as one of the most important factors for tree growth, it is highly useful to carry out such studies to understand future changes in forest stands under the influence of this phenomenon and to apply them in the management and planning of forests and their management.
Khaled Karimi Hajipomagh, Roghayeh Zolfaghari, Payam Fayyaz, Sohrab Alvaninejad,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: The study of genetic and phenotypic diversity is critical and necessary for understanding the adaptation of forest species to environmental stresses such as climate change, and it can cause the preservation of genetic resources, restoration, and breeding of forest trees. Quercus brantii Lindl. as the dominant species of Zagros forests has a high ecological and social value. Therefore, a provenance trial, in which the seeds of mother trees from populations of different geographical regions are planted in the same experimental environment, can be considered a suitable tool for studying intraspecific adaptive genetic diversity.
Material and Methods: Three provinces from northwest to southwest of Zagros, Baneh (north), Khorramabad (Middle), and Yasuj (South) were selected for research. The mother trees from Khorramabad province were selected from three different altitudes (lower, middle, and upper), and Yasuj provenance from two forest stands (Sapidar and Dehbaraftab). A total of 60 mother trees from all provenances were selected and their seeds were randomly planted in the same conditions in Yasuj region in November. After the germination of the seeds in the spring of the next year, quantitative and qualitative growth traits such as height, diameter, volume, number of leaves, diameter and height growth during the summer, vitality, bending, number of branches, and survival of Q. brantii seedlings were measured and calculated in two times, June (before the dry season) and late October (the end of the growing season). Then quantitative genetic parameters such as coefficient of additive genetic variation (CVg), Individual narrow-sense heritability (h2), and Coefficient of quantitative genetic differentiation (Qst) of different traits were calculated and compared in total provenance and each provenance separately.
Results: The results showed that the variance components between the mother trees in different traits were from 4.7% in the number of branches and bending to 25% for the volume, vitality, and survival of the seedlings. The variance components percentage of traits in different provenances was less than mother trees. It was observed less than 5% in traits such as bending, diameter and height growth during the dry season, number of branches, survival, and leaves number of seedlings, respectively. However, the height and volume of seedlings, especially in October, had a higher variance in the provenance level (about 20%). The heritability range was from 0.15 to 0.74 for different trains. The lowest and highest value of CVg was observed in the number of branches and survival percentage, respectively. However the lowest (less than 0.05) of Qst was observed in qualitative traits, growth during the dry season, vitality, and survival, and the highest value was observed in the height of seedlings in October (0.6). The comparison between different provenances for genetic parameters also showed there were large differences in heritability, genetic diversity coefficient, and yield in all the traits measured in the seedlings, except the height of June. The heritability of vegetative traits increased from June to October in the low-altitude of Khorramabad and Sepidar -Yasuj, but in the rest of the provenances, it was the opposite. Seedlings of Baneh showed the highest values of quantitative growth traits such as height, diameter, and volume among the studied Provenances, while performance, CVg, and heritability of this provenance for growth during the dry season, vitality, and survival were lowest in compare to other provenances, especially low-altitude of Khorramabad. Among the studied provenances, the middle and upper altitudes of Khorramabad showed the lowest yield, genetic diversity, and heritability in most of the measured traits. Despite the low performance and survival rate of Dehbaraftab-Yasuj, it had high genetic diversity and heritability, while the Sepidar population of Yasoj showed higher adaptation due to a high survival percentage, but its genetic diversity was low.
Conclusion: The results of this research revealed that there were highly significant differences in the phenotypic and genetic variability of traits among provenances. Quantitative growth traits such as height, diameter, and volume of Q. brantii seedlings can be used for the initial selection of seedlings due to their medium and high heritability Value (more than 0.4) despite qualitative traits such as bending and number of branches. Also, the low altitude of Khorramabad has higher adaptability to climate change due to the highest survival rate, heritability, and CVg of this provenance. Therefore, collecting seeds of suitable mothers in this provenance can increase the adaptability of seedlings and reforestation in the face of global climate changes in the future. On the other hand, based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the local population does not always have more chances to establish and grow, and factors other than geographical factors such as climatic factors and rainfall can be effective. Therefore, it is suggested to study the seeds of different provenances to determine the best provenance for reforestation in each region. Also, considering that the results showed that the genetic difference between the mother trees is more than provenance, and also the high genetic diversity and adaptation of Dehbaraftab-Yasuj seedlings to the climate of Yasuj, we can use the seeds of suitable mother trees in this Provenance for restoration program of Yasuj.
Material and Methods: Three provinces from northwest to southwest of Zagros, Baneh (north), Khorramabad (Middle), and Yasuj (South) were selected for research. The mother trees from Khorramabad province were selected from three different altitudes (lower, middle, and upper), and Yasuj provenance from two forest stands (Sapidar and Dehbaraftab). A total of 60 mother trees from all provenances were selected and their seeds were randomly planted in the same conditions in Yasuj region in November. After the germination of the seeds in the spring of the next year, quantitative and qualitative growth traits such as height, diameter, volume, number of leaves, diameter and height growth during the summer, vitality, bending, number of branches, and survival of Q. brantii seedlings were measured and calculated in two times, June (before the dry season) and late October (the end of the growing season). Then quantitative genetic parameters such as coefficient of additive genetic variation (CVg), Individual narrow-sense heritability (h2), and Coefficient of quantitative genetic differentiation (Qst) of different traits were calculated and compared in total provenance and each provenance separately.
Results: The results showed that the variance components between the mother trees in different traits were from 4.7% in the number of branches and bending to 25% for the volume, vitality, and survival of the seedlings. The variance components percentage of traits in different provenances was less than mother trees. It was observed less than 5% in traits such as bending, diameter and height growth during the dry season, number of branches, survival, and leaves number of seedlings, respectively. However, the height and volume of seedlings, especially in October, had a higher variance in the provenance level (about 20%). The heritability range was from 0.15 to 0.74 for different trains. The lowest and highest value of CVg was observed in the number of branches and survival percentage, respectively. However the lowest (less than 0.05) of Qst was observed in qualitative traits, growth during the dry season, vitality, and survival, and the highest value was observed in the height of seedlings in October (0.6). The comparison between different provenances for genetic parameters also showed there were large differences in heritability, genetic diversity coefficient, and yield in all the traits measured in the seedlings, except the height of June. The heritability of vegetative traits increased from June to October in the low-altitude of Khorramabad and Sepidar -Yasuj, but in the rest of the provenances, it was the opposite. Seedlings of Baneh showed the highest values of quantitative growth traits such as height, diameter, and volume among the studied Provenances, while performance, CVg, and heritability of this provenance for growth during the dry season, vitality, and survival were lowest in compare to other provenances, especially low-altitude of Khorramabad. Among the studied provenances, the middle and upper altitudes of Khorramabad showed the lowest yield, genetic diversity, and heritability in most of the measured traits. Despite the low performance and survival rate of Dehbaraftab-Yasuj, it had high genetic diversity and heritability, while the Sepidar population of Yasoj showed higher adaptation due to a high survival percentage, but its genetic diversity was low.
Conclusion: The results of this research revealed that there were highly significant differences in the phenotypic and genetic variability of traits among provenances. Quantitative growth traits such as height, diameter, and volume of Q. brantii seedlings can be used for the initial selection of seedlings due to their medium and high heritability Value (more than 0.4) despite qualitative traits such as bending and number of branches. Also, the low altitude of Khorramabad has higher adaptability to climate change due to the highest survival rate, heritability, and CVg of this provenance. Therefore, collecting seeds of suitable mothers in this provenance can increase the adaptability of seedlings and reforestation in the face of global climate changes in the future. On the other hand, based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the local population does not always have more chances to establish and grow, and factors other than geographical factors such as climatic factors and rainfall can be effective. Therefore, it is suggested to study the seeds of different provenances to determine the best provenance for reforestation in each region. Also, considering that the results showed that the genetic difference between the mother trees is more than provenance, and also the high genetic diversity and adaptation of Dehbaraftab-Yasuj seedlings to the climate of Yasuj, we can use the seeds of suitable mother trees in this Provenance for restoration program of Yasuj.
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