Ecology of Iranian Forests
بوم شناسی جنگل های ایران (علمی- پژوهشی)
ifej
Agriculture
http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir
1
admin
2423-7140
2676-4296
10.61186/ifej
fa
jalali
1397
9
1
gregorian
2018
12
1
6
12
online
1
fulltext
fa
بررسی پدیده زوال بلوط در درختان با ابعاد تاج مختلف در جنگل های زاگرس میانی (مطالعه موردی: ایلام)
Investigating the Oak Decline in different Crown-Dimensions in Middle Zagros Forests (Case Study: Ilam)
تخصصي
Special
پژوهشي
Research
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11px;"><strong><span style="color:black;"> یکی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">از</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مهم</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">ترین</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">عواملی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">که</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تخریب</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تغییر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">وضعیت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">جنگل</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">های</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">ناحیه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">رویشی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زاگرس</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نقش</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">چشم</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">گیری</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">دارد،</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">پدیده</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">ی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زوال</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">است</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">هدف</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">از</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">پژوهش</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">حاضر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بررسی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تأثیر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">وضعیت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">جنگل</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">های</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شهرستان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سرابله</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> (در </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">استان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">ایلام</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">) </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">است</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">.</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">جهت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بررسی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">روند</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط،</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">از</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">قطعات</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نمونه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">دائم</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">استفاده</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">آماربرداری</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">به</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">روش</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تصادفی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">منظم</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">با</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شبکه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">آماربرداری</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">به</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">ابعاد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 200×150 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">متر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">قطعات</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نمونه</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 10 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">آری</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مستطیل</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شکل</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">اجرا</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 80 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">قطعه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نمونه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">برداشت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> (</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 120 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">هکتار</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">منطقه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مورد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">پژوهش</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">). </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">هر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">قطعه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نمونه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">اطلاعات</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شامل</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">قطر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بزرگ</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کوچک</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">وضعیت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">پنج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کلاسه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">برداشت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">به</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">پنج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کلاسه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">(خیلی زیاد، زیاد، متوسط، کم، سالم)</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تقسیم </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">بندی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. آماربرداری در دوره ترتیب در سال­های 1391 و 1393 انجام شد. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">جهت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بررسی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تأثیر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">روند</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">وضعیت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط،</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">از</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">طبقات</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">متر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مربعی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">استفاده</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">.</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">از</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">آزمون</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">من</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">وینتنی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">جهت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مقایسه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">وضعیت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">دو</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">دوره</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">آماربرداری</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">استفاده</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">نتایج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نشان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">داد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">که</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سال</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 1391 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">دارای</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خیلی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زیاد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زیاد (مجموع دو کلاسه)،</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 6/13 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بود</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">با</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خیلی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زیاد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زیاد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سال</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 1393 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">به</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 4/25 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">افزایش</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">یافته</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کل</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">با</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خیلی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زیاد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زیاد</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 8/11 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">افزایش</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">یافته</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">است</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">نتایج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نشان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">داد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">که</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تغییرات</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کلاسه </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">های</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">معنی</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> دار</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">است</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">نتایج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مقایسه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">وضعیت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کلاسه </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">های</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">نشان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">داد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">که</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بیشترین</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مقدار</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">دو</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">متر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مربعی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بیشترین</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درصد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سالم</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کلاسه</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> 14 </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">متر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مربعی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مشاهده</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">شد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">و</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">با</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کوچکتر،</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بیشتر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">معرض</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">خشکیدگی</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">قرار</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">دارند</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">جهت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مدیریت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">جنگل</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">های</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">درگیر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">با</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">پدیده</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">زوال</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">بلوط</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">در</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">استان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">ایلام و اجرای عملیات­های احیایی این جنگل­ها، پیشنهاد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">می</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">­</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> شود درختان</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">با</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">سطح</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تاج</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">کوچکتر</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> (</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">یک</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">تا</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">هفت</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">متر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مربع</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">) </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">بیشتر</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">مد</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">توجه</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;"> عملیات­های پرورشی و احیایی </span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">قرار</span></strong> <strong><span style="color:black;">گیرند</span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;">. </span></strong></span></div>
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Oak decline is an eminent factor, which has a significant role in degradation and change in Zagros forests. The goal of present study was to assess the crown surface area of oak trees in Sarableh forests, Ilam province. For this purpose, permanent sample plots were used. Eighty sample plots with 10 Ar area were applied based on systematic-random method in a 150×200 survey network in 120 ha. The crown diameters and oak decline were measured. Oak decline was classified in five classes (very high, high, medium, no decline). The inventory was conducted in 2012 and 2014. The Mann-Whitney test was <s>used</s> to compare the oak decline in two inventory times. The results showed that the trees in very high and high decline classes (total of two classes) were 13.6% in 2012 and it is increased to 25.4% in 2014 (to be an 11.8% increase). The changes in forest decline were significant at decline classes (P≤0.01). The highest oak decline was observed in two m<sup>2</sup> crown area and the maximum healthy trees were found in 14 m<sup>2</sup> crown area. Our result revealed that trees with small crown area are more engaged by forest decline. In order to managing the forest engaging to oak decline in Ilam province and the rehabilitation of these forests , it is recommended the trees with small crown area (up to seven m<sup>2</sup>) should be more considered in terms of forest rehabilitation and tending.<br>
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زوال بلوط, ایلام, زاگرس میانی, سطح تاج, کلاسه خشکیدگی
Oak Decline, Ilam, Middle Zagros, Crown Area, Decline Class
9
17
http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-381-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Asghar
Fallah
اصغر
فلاح
fallaha2007@yahoo.com
10031947532846002321
10031947532846002321
No
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
Maziar
Haidari
مازیار
حیدری
maziarheidari1364@gmail.com
10031947532846002322
10031947532846002322
Yes
Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
بخش تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کردستان، سنندج، ایران