1. akala, T., S. Fraver, A.W.D. Amato and B.J. Palik. 2013. Influence of competition and age on tree growth in structurally complex old-growth forests in northern Minnesota, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 308: 128-135. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.057]
2. Amoli kondori, A., K. Abrari Vajari, M. Feizian and A. Di Iorio. 2020. Influences of forest gaps on soil physico-chemical and biological properties in an oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stand of Hyrcanian forest, north of Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 13(2): 124-129. [
DOI:10.3832/ifor3205-013]
3. Asner, G.P., M. Keller and J.N. Silva. 2004. Spatial and temporal dynamics of forest canopy gaps following selective logging in the eastern Amazon. Global Change Biology, 10(5): 765-783. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00756.x]
4. Barbeito, I., C. Collet and F. Ningre. 2014. Crown responses to neighbor density and species identity in a young mixed deciduous stand. Trees, 28(6): 1751-1765. [
DOI:10.1007/s00468-014-1082-2]
5. Benneter, A., D.I. Forrester, O. Bouriau, C.F. Dormann and J. Bauhus. 2018. Tree species diversity does not compromise stem quality in major European forest types. Forest Ecology and Management, 422: 323-337. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.030]
6. Chandra, L.R., S. Gupta, V. Pande and N. Singh. 2016. Impact of forest vegetation on soil characteristics: a correlation between soil biological and physico-chemical properties, 3 Biotech, 6(2): 188. [
DOI:10.1007/s13205-016-0510-y]
7. Cui, Q., Z. Feng and X. Yang. 2017. Distributions of fine and coarse tree roots in a semi-arid mountain region and their relationships with soil properties. Trees, 31(2): 607-616. [
DOI:10.1007/s00468-016-1493-3]
8. Fichtner, A., K. Sturm, C. Rickert, G. Von Oheimb and W. Härdtle. 2013. Crown size-growth relationships of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are driven by the interplay of disturbance intensity and inter-specific competition. Forest Ecology and Management, 302: 178-184. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.027]
9. Finér, L., M. Ohashi, K. Noguchi and Y. Hirano. 2011. Fine root production and turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to stand and environmental characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(11): 2008-2023. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.042]
10. Forestry plan of Jajan-Talar. 2002. Compartment No.6, Alandan (watershed No.70), ministry of Jahade-Sazandegi, organization of forests and rangeland, natural resource of Mazandaran-Sari, Mazandaran industry of wood and paper (In Persian).
11. Höwler, K., T. Vor, D. Seidel, P. Annighöfer and C. Ammer. 2019. Analyzing effects of intra-and interspecific competition on timber quality attributes of Fagus sylvatica L. From quality assessments on standing trees to sawn boards. European Journal of Forest Research, 138(2): 327-343. [
DOI:10.1007/s10342-019-01173-7]
12. Hui, G., Y. Wang, G. Zhang, Z. Zhao, C. Bai and W. Liu. 2018. A novel approach for assessing the neighborhood competition in two different aged forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 422: 49-58. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.03.045]
13. Jucker, T., O. Bouriaud and D.A. Coomes. 2015. Crown plasticity enables trees to optimize canopy packing in mixed‐species forests. Functional Ecology, 29(8): 1078-1086. [
DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.12428]
14. Keram, A., Ü. Halik, M. Keyimu, T. Aishan, Z. Mamat and A. Rouzi. 2019. Gap dynamics of natural Populus euphratica floodplain forests affected by hydrological alteration along the Tarim River: Implications for restoration of the riparian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 438: 103-113. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.009]
15. Liu, Y., J. Zhang, W. Yang, F. Wu, Z. Xu, B. Tan and L. Guo. 2018. Canopy gaps accelerate soil organic carbon retention by soil microbial biomass in the organic horizon in a subalpine fir forest. Applied Soil Ecology, 125:169-176. [
DOI:10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.01.002]
16. Muscolo, A., M. Sidari, S. Bagnato, C. Mallamaci and R. Mercurio. 2010. Gap size effects on above-and below-ground processes in a silver fir stand. European Journal of Forest Research, 129(3): 355-365. [
DOI:10.1007/s10342-009-0341-z]
17. Orman, O., D. Dobrowolska and J. Szwagrzyk. 2018. Gap regeneration patterns in Carpathian old-growth mixed beech forests-Interactive effects of spruce bark beetle canopy disturbance and deer herbivory. Forest Ecology and Management, 430: 451-459. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.031]
18. Pan, F., Y. Liang, K. Wang and W. Zhang. 2018. Responses of fine root functional traits to soil nutrient limitations in a karst ecosystem of Southwest China. Forests, 9(12): 743. [
DOI:10.3390/f9120743]
19. Pretzsch, H. 2014. Canopy space filling and tree crown morphology in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures. Forest Ecology and Management, 327: 251-264. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.027]
20. Promis, A., D. Schindler, A. Reif and G. Cruz. 2009. Solar radiation transmission in and around canopy gaps in an uneven-aged Nothofagus betuloides forest. International Journal of Biometeorology, 53(4): 355-367. [
DOI:10.1007/s00484-009-0222-7]
21. Ravindran, A. and S.S. Yang. 2015. Effects of vegetation type on microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in subalpine mountain forest soils. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 48(4): 362-369. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jmii.2014.02.003]
22. Xiang, W., W. Wu, J. Tong, X. Deng, D. Tian, L. Zhang and C. Peng. 2013. Differences in fine root traits between early and late-successional tree species in a Chinese subtropical forest. Forestry, 86(3): 343-351. [
DOI:10.1093/forestry/cpt003]
23. Yang, L., S. Wu and L. Zhang. 2010. Fine root biomass dynamics and carbon storage along a successional gradient in Changbai Mountains, China. Forestry, 83(4): 379-387. [
DOI:10.1093/forestry/cpq020]
24. Yang, Y., Y. Geng, H. Zhou, G. Zhao and L. Wang. 2017. Effects of gaps in the forest canopy on soil microbial communities and enzyme activity in a Chinese pine forest. Pedobiologia, 61: 51-60. [
DOI:10.1016/j.pedobi.2017.03.001]
25. Yu, X., L. Yang, S. Fei, Z. Ma, R. Hao and Z. Zhao. 2018. Effect of Soil Layer and Plant-Soil Interaction on Soil Microbial Diversity and Function after Canopy Gap Disturbance. Forests, 9(11): 680. [
DOI:10.3390/f9110680]
26. Železnik, P., U. Vilhar, M. Starr, M. De Groot and H. Kraigher. 2016. Fine root dynamics in Slovenian beech forests in relation to soil temperature and water availability. Trees, 30(2): 375-384. [
DOI:10.1007/s00468-015-1218-z]
27. Zhang, X., Y. Xing, Q. Wang, G. Yan, M. Wang, G. Liu and J. Zhang. 2020. Effects of long-term nitrogen addition and decreased precipitation on the fine root morphology and anatomy of the main tree species in a temperate forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 455: 117664. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117664]