@article{ author = {HassanzadNavroodi, Iraj and Ahmadzadeh, Homeyra and Bonyad, Amir Eslam}, title = {A Study on the Accuracy and Precision of Estimation of the Number, Basal Area and Standing Trees Volume per Hectare Using of some Sampling Methods in Forests of NavAsalem}, abstract ={     The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy and precision estimation of the number, basal area and volume of the standing trees by methods of random and systematic random sampling in the forests of West Guilan. The cost or inventory time was determined using the criteria (E%2 × T). Inventory was carried out by complete sampling (census) in an area of 52 hectares. The study area (section 11, district 2, Nav forests, Asalem) was divided into 520 rectangular plots (50m×20m) and each plot was measured separately. Measured characteristics were the kind of tree species, diameter at breast height and height. After inventory operation, the study area was stratified based on forest density. In each stratum, sampling was carried out by simple random sampling and systematic random sampling. The results showed that implementation of stratified sampling has reduced the sampling error and increased the sampling time for estimating the characteristics of abundance, basal area and standing volume of trees per ha in the study area. Amount of criterion (E%2 × T) in stratified sampling was less than sampling without stratification and between stratified samplings; stratified random systematic sampling had the lowest value. Therefore, among the studied methods, stratified random systematic sampling, due to high precision and minimum criteria of (E%2 × T), was a suitable method for evaluation of the number, Basal area and volume of standing trees in the study area}, Keywords = {Cost and Precision, Stratification, Nav Asalem, Sampling}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.1}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {JafariAfrapoly, Mohadese and Sefidi, Kiomars and Varamesh, Saied and Waez-Mousavi, Seyed Mohamm}, title = {Structural Characteristic of English Yew (Taxus baccata L.) Stands in the Afratakhteh Forests Reserveeserve}, abstract ={      Taxus baccata L. is a native and ancient tree species growing the Hyrcanian forests that have been considered in recent years because of being in the red lists of threated species. The aim of this research was to provide quantitative characteristics of forest stand structure using a set of indicators in the natural habitat of this species. Three one-hectare sampling area were selected to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the yew stands structure. In the study area the 30×30 m gird plot was established. In the intersection point of girds (n=36) the closest beech to the intersection point as reference tree and other three nearest neighbors the to the reference tree was selected and diameter at the breast height, tree height, crown diameter, distance and angle among trees were measured .The set of indices including such mingling, diameter and height differentiation, tree to tree interval distance and Clarke and Evans index were employed to quantification of stand structure. Results showed that the uniform angle index value was 0.64 and Clarke and Evans were around one this means the yew randomly distribute in this forest. The mingling index estimated 0.61 that means English yew tends to mixed with other tree species. According to the diameter and height differentiation, yew stands have slightly heterogeneous diameter distributions, uniform tree height and the stems have an average distance between trees of 2.0-4.0 m. The English yew is a threatened tree species and in its natural habitat tends to be mixed with other species (often with hornbeam), have slightly heterogeneous diameter and height distributions. The reduction of young Yew trees as a result of the mortality of trees in a diameter classes less than 15 cm and the high competition of Yew with other tree species requires more consideration and effort to conservation of this species in the sites.}, Keywords = {Clarck and Evans index, English yew, Mingling, Trees height differentiation ion}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {11-19}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.11}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Hoseinpour, Alireza and oladi, jafar and Akbari, hasan and sarajian, Mohammadrez}, title = {Recognizing Plant Tension in Plantations by use of UAVs Visible Light Detector. (Case Study: Nekazalemrood Forestry Plan)}, abstract ={    The use of lightweight and cheap UAVs to detect the health of forests and identify the tension of planted can be useful to prevent the spread of pests and diseases. In the present research, a lightweight quadcopter drone with a 12-megapixel camera, visible light range was used. This UAV was emploied to detect leaf tension of pure Quercus Castanifolia plantation, pure Acer Velutinum and their mixture in nine sample with 1-3 hectares. Flight at altitudes of 40, 70 and 100 meters was used to determine UAV ability for detecting areas plantations tension. The flight plan was designed in the form of 75% latitude coverage and 80% longitudinal coverage. Supervised classification such as Neural Net, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Maximum Likelihood and Mahalanobis Distance algorithms are used and 25% of samples were used to check the classification accuracy. Visible color saturation image and some vegetation indices such as vegetation index (NGRDI) and (EXG), has great potential for detecting leaf tension in trees and seedlings. The Jeffries-Matusita coefficient ranged from 1.81 to 1.97, and the Transformed Divergence was 1/87 to 1.98, indicating the degree of separation of educational samples. The overall accuracy of Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm as best method was 83 to 96.7 percent for all samples and the kappa coefficient was 0.89 to 0.98. The results revealed the high capability of visibility light sensor cameras mounted on a UAV in detecting tree leaf tension. The best flight height is between 70-100 M. Using image enhancement techniques, especially color saturation and vegetation indices, the range of visible light spectrum such as vegetation index (NGRDI) and (EXG) to detect leaf tension increase the effectiveness of these images. Design of an automatic imaging system adapted to the altitude variation of the tree crown is recommender in order to prevent a minimum level of overlapping.  }, Keywords = {Disease, Plantation, UAV, Vegetation Index}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {20-28}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.20}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Pour-Gholi, Zeinab and Iran-Doost, Fariborz and Sefidi, Kiyomars and Sagheb-Talebi, Khosro and Keivan-Behjo, Farsh}, title = {Investigating the Structure of Beech Stands in the Gap Making Phase (Case study: Asalem Forests, Guilan)}, abstract ={     Forest structure consider the spatial arrangement of trees characteristics such as age, size, species, gender and so on is.This study aimed to investigate the structural diversity of three one-hectare stands in the gap making phase, were studied. For this purpose, three sample plots with a one hectare area were selected in Asalem beech stands which belonged to the structural features of the gap making phase and studied. In each plot 30×30 m network were established. After implementing the network, the quantitative and qualitative features of the two beech trees at the closest distance to the intersection of the network as the references trees number one and two with three neighboring trees belonging to each of the references trees located at the nearest distance, was taken. The distance between the references trees and neighbors, as well as the distance between the neighboring trees, were measured relative to each other, and based on the Pythagorean trigonometric relationships, the angle between the references trees and the neighbors were measured. According to the results of this study, the average of species mingling, diameter differenation, height differenation and neighbor distance is 0.23, 0.43, 0.87 and 4.87 meters, respectively. By using of data from structure of intact stands, not only the current structure of various species can be quantified but also, their evolutionary process as well as the results of the forest management activities can be assessed.}, Keywords = {Closest neighbor, Mingling index, Tree dimensions, Quantification of structure, Spatial location}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {29-35}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.29}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-227-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-227-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {mahmoodi, mohammadbagher and jalilvand, hamid and hodjati, seyyed mohammad and kooch, yahy}, title = {Plant Biodiversity under Impact of Slope Position in Managed and Unmanaged Beech Forest of Asalem-Gilan}, abstract ={This study was carried out in managed and unmanaged Fagus orientalis L. (beech) stands in the Asalem beech forest in order to compare the composition and diversity of plant species. Three V-shaped catena landforms were selected for each stand. Then, large quadrats, 400 m2 area, with selective method and within each of them, small quadrats, 4 m2 area, were established along each catena and slope position (summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope, topeslope) to study the density and species diversity of trees, composition and species diversity of regeneration and herbaceous species, respectively. Simpson, Margalef and Camargo indices were employed for diversity, richness and evenness analysis. The result showed that beech had the highest crown cover and regeneration density. Slope position analysis showed that significant differences in Simpson diversity and Camargo's evenness indices in trees and Simpson diversity and Margalef richness in herbs. There was no significant difference between indices regarding to regeneration. Dryopteris filix-mass L. and Asperula odorata L. exposed the highest frequency in managed and unmanaged stands, respectively. Considering the dominant form of land in north forest habitats of Iran is catena landform; it is necessary to implement silviculture's plans (protection, restoration, development and utilization) with particular attention to catena management. }, Keywords = {Land form, Topography, Regeneration, Species diversity}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {36-45}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.36}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Abedi, Roy}, title = {Effect of Stand Structural Characteristics on Natural Regeneration of Acer Campestre L. in Arasbaran Forest}, abstract ={Natural regeneration is one of the key aspects of forest sustainability and a tool to decide on restoration programs in forest areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantity of natural regeneration of Acer campestre L. as one of the most important tree species in Arasbaran forests and its relationship with elevation changes and structural characteristics in the natural stands. For this purpose, two habitats in two altitudes (less than 1500 meters and more than 1500 meters above sea level) were identified in the Kaleybarchay watershed of Arasbaran forests. In each elevation, three sample plots (one hectare area) were used to measure the structural characteristics (including density, basal area and canopy cover) by the whole trees inventory. The regenerations were classified in three classes: sapling (height greater than 1.30 m), large seedling (0.30-1.30 m height), and small seedling (height less than 0.30 m) per hectare in 10 circular micro-plots (100 m2) in each one hectare. The results showed that the saplings density was significantly higher (p≤0.05) only in the low elevation. The structural characteristics of the stands showed that only the difference between the basal areas of trees in different elevations was significant. Relationship between structural characteristics and regeneration density showed that there was a significant difference between the basal area and the density of saplings and regeneration density of the large seedling class and the canopy cover was significant. The findings of the present research let to better understand the ecological nature of this species in the early stages of life, will help to decide on environmental constraints for the establishment and continuation of the successful regeneration, and could help to more effective management for conservation and cultivation operations.}, Keywords = {Acer campestre L., Arasbaran Forest, Regeneration, Stand structure}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {46-53}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.46}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {MohammadnezhadKiasari, Shirzad and Sagheb-Talexi, Khosro and Espahpodi, Kambiz}, title = {Evaluation of the Two Methods for Thinning in Oak Plantation based on Ecological Capability (Case staudy: Neka Area, Mazadaran Province)}, abstract ={     The study was aimed to assess of the Danish and Swiss methods of thinning in 20 years old plantations of Chestnut leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.) in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of trees, natural regeneration, plant and soil invertebrate diversity. The study area is located in Neka forests, east of Mazandaran province in the Caspian region. This research was conducted under compeletly randomized block design (CRBD) with three replication and three treatments. Also in each sample plot, 3 microsample plot, each 49 m2 were randomly systematic selected. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of trees were measured in each sample plots by full callipering. In each microsample plot natural regeneration was counted. Also, whole plants were recognized in each microsample plot and their coverage percent were estimated. Moreover, in each microsample plot invertebrates were sampled, using core soil samples (81 cm2 cross section) to the depth of 10 cm. The results of this research has been shown that the tree diameter at breast height, the abundance of quality tree and the number of natural regeneration in the thinned areas was more than the control area. Of course, the positive impact of the Danish method was greater than that of the Swiss method. Also this research has shown the control area created a more favorable situation due to the plant species diversity than the thinning areas. However the positive impact of the Danish method was greater than that of the Swiss method. On the other hand the Swiss thinning area created a more favorable situation due to the soil invertebrates' diversity than the Danish method. Overall this research emphasizes that the thinning operation with moderate intensity in Danish method is better than the Swiss method for forestations.}, Keywords = {Diversity, Forestation, Mazandaran, Thinning, Soil invertebrate diversity, Plant species}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {54-65}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.54}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Haidari, Reza Hossaein and SohrabiZadeh, Azadeh and Haidari, Maziar}, title = {Effect of Physiographic Factors on Plant Biodiversity in the Central Zagros Forests (Case Study: Educational Forest of Razi University of Kermanshah)}, abstract ={     Ecological condition including physiographic factors have impact bon plant species diversity. There for it is necessary to investigate at the ecological condition in other to achieve sustainable development and natural ecosystem conservation. The present study aim is investigate the effect of physiographic factors (altitude and geographic directions) on the biological diversity of plant species in the middle Zagros forests. The investigate was conducted in Research and Education Forest at Razi university located in between the west cities of Kerend Gharb and Sarpole Zahab, in Kermanshah province. The studied area was divided into three elevation class including less than 1000 m, 1000 to 1500 m and more than 1500 m asl. In each class of elevation and direction, respectively 32 and 48 plots of circular shapes of 1000 square meters in random- systematics were taken. In order to study the shrub layer in each circular sample plot, a plot of 25 m2 and a microplate of one square meter to study the herbaceous diversity were taken. The results showed that the highest values of diversity indices for tree, shrub and herbaceous cover in altitudes from (1500-1000) were observed and ANOVA test showed significant different between diversity index in three elevation classes. The results of compare biodiversity index in two main aspect showed that in trees and shrubs layer maximum of diversity index observed in the northern slopes, but for herbaceous layer, maximum of diversity index showed in southern slopes and T-test showed significant different of biodiversity index in two aspect direct.  Overall results showed that the physiographical parameter (Elevation and aspect) are a significant effect on diversity condition.}, Keywords = {Biodiversity Indices, Elevation Class, Micro-Plots, Plot}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {66-75}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.66}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {daghestani, maryam and Idelooii, Ali and Salehi, Behrooz}, title = {Effect of Irrigation, Sowing Depth and Seed Cover on the Growth and survival Seeds (Pistacia Atlantica Desf.) Koushcan Zanjan Nursery}, abstract ={     Wild pistachio forests in terms of the harvesting of various types of products and in terms of energy production and fuel wood are severely exposed to destruction. One of the effective methods for preserving and developing these forests is helping them with artificial regeneration. The purpose of this study was the most appropriate Irrigation, sowing depth and seed cover for seed of Wild pistachio in Kushkan nursery of Zanjan province. For this purpose experimental design in a completely randomized at three different sowing depth treatments including (0-3/99), (4-6.99) and (7-8 cm) and four seed covers including (50% soil + 50% manure) (50% soil + 50% sand), (50% soil + 50% zeolite) and (50% manure + 50% (soil, sand and zeolite)) and two irrigation including with irrigation and without it with six replications designed and collar diameter, plant height, root height, stem length to root, root and shoot dry weight ratio and percent survival was measured. Then, for comparing the mean and the effect of treatments on each mean, the analysis of variance, Duncan test and t-test were used. ANOVA test showed that different treatments of irrigation, sowing depth and seed cover had significant effect on characteristics measured of planting. The best result for seeding Baneh considering the interactions of the studied treatments was at surface depth (0-3/99 cm) with (half manure + half (soil, sand and zeolite)) and with irrigation.}, Keywords = {Irrigation, Seed cover, Survival, Sowing depth, Planting Baneh}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {76-82}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.76}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Fallahchay, MirMozaffar and khoshmanzar, sanaz}, title = {Determination of Spatial Distribution Pattern Analysis of Acer Velutinum Species in two Elevation Classes using Distance Sampling Methods (Case Study: Asalem Nav Forests, Series No. 2)}, abstract ={  One of the important features of plant communities is the spatial pattern of trees. The spatial pattern of the stands determined by measuring and positioning of trees in the stands and inserting them in analytical frameworks. This is because spatial information allows natural resource managers to make and perform better-informed decisions, -. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial pattern of Acer velutinum in two stands, above and below 800 m from see level in Asalem Nav forests, Guilan province. The sampling distance- method was used. In order to gather the required data, characteristics of 88 tress in 30 sample plots (1000 m2) were recorded in two elevation classes in an area of 30  ha (15  ha in each elevation class) with a grid  network of 100 × 100. The number of trees, diameter, height, distance from the nearest tree to the sample plot and distance of the nearest tree to the first tree of maple was measured in each sample plot. To analyze the spatial pattern, the Hopkins index, the variance/average ratio, Morisita dispersion,  Morisita, Johnson, and Zimmer standards were used, which randomized, uniform, maximum uniform (for both Morisita and Morisita standard indexes) and uniform patterns dispersion was observed, respectively. In general, the ability of these indices makes it possible to compare the stands and they can be used as a suitable tool for sustainable management of the northern forests of Iran.}, Keywords = {Acer velutinum, Asalem Nav Forests, Spatial Pattern, Sampling Distance Method}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {83-90}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.83}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-199-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-199-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Bayat, Mahmoud and Hamidi, Seyedeh Kosar and Sadeghzadeh, Mohammad hossei}, title = {Investigation some of the Biotic and Abiotic Variables Effective on the Diameter Increment of the Beech Trees at Fixed Sample Plots level by Growth Models}, abstract ={Quantifying forest growth and determination of its affective factors are fundamental for forest management. This study examines the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the diameter increment of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in a high-elevation forest in northern Iran using permanent sample plots. The aim of this study was identification and quantifying environmental factors such as potential solar radiation in growing season, topographic wetness index in representing soil water distribution seasonal air temperature, topographic wetness index (as indicator of soil water distribution), wind velocity generated from simulation of fluid-flow dynamic models of complex terrains, temperature and humidity and their relation with diameter increment of beech. On the basis of diameter measurements in a 9 year period (2003-2012) a model was used in order to estimate diameter increment. Also, mean of DBH and basal area of beech trees were implemented in model as biotic factors. The results showed that DBH, combination of topographic and soil water index factors and basal area are the most important factors affecting diameter increment of beech trees, respectively. Eventually, the results showed that by using increment models, it is possible to determine the increment of diameter and factors affecting it with high accuracy.}, Keywords = {Abiotic and biotic variables, Modelling, Topographic wetness index, Uneven forest}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {91-99}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.91}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {TabariKouchaksaraei, Masoud and Amini, Arash and Hosseini, Seyed Mohsen and Yousefzadeh, Hame}, title = {Effect of Seed Maturity and Dormancy Breakage on Improvement of Seed Germination in Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica form Angulata}, abstract ={This research was carried out with the aim of dormancy breakage and seed germination improvement in mature and immature seeds of T. rubra subsp. caucasica form angulata. The seeds were collected from middle altitude (500 a.s.l.) forests of Chamestan, north of Iran. Mature and immature seeds with pericarp were treated as 1) cold stratification (without pretreatment), 2) imbibed with NaOH (30%)+cold stratification. Also, mature and immature seeds without pericarp were treated as 1) imbibed with gibberelic acid (500 mg/l)+cold stratification, 2) imbibed with kinetin acid (1 mg/l)+cold stratification. The examination was performed as completely randomized design with three replications. The highest amount of seed germination belonged to mature seeds without pericarp-imbibed with pretreatments of acid (giberelic or kinetin) and also immature seeds with pericarp-without pretreatment. The highest germination speed allocated to immature seeds with pericarp-without pretreatment, and the maximum mean germination time to mature seeds without pericarp-imbibed with giberelic acid. The results of this research showed that for optimizing seed germination of this species with above mentioned provenance, the best conditions for seed germination is, immature seeds with pericarp, subjected to cold stratification (without any pretreatment).}, Keywords = {Germination speed, Giberelic acid, Kinetin acid, Linden}, volume = {7}, Number = {13}, pages = {100-105}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.13.100}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {HassanzadNavroodi, Iraj and moradi, Ismaeil}, title = {Fitting Tree Height Distributions in Natural Beech Forest Stands of Guilan (Case Study: Masal)}, abstract ={      In this research, modeling tree height distributions of beech in natural forests of Masal  located in Guilan province, was investigated. Inventory was carried out using systematic random sampling with network dimensions of 150×200 m and area sample plot of 0.1 ha. DBH and heights of 630 beech trees in 30 sample plots were measured. Beta, Gamma, Normal, Log-normal and Weibull probability distribution function were surveyed. Characteristics of distribution functions were estimated by use of maximum likelihood method. Actual probability and probability  derived from functions was compared using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-Darling tests. Results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that only Beta probability distribution function was suitable for modeling height distribution of beech; while results of Anderson-Darling tests demonstrated probability distribution functions of Beta, Normal, and Weibull were fitted to the height distribution of trees. Therefore probability distribution function of Beta was selected for modeling height distribution of beech.  }, Keywords = {Beech, Height, Natural forest stands, Masal, Probability distribution}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.1}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-129-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-129-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {مسلمیسیدمحله, سیدمصطفی and جلالی, سید غلامعلی and حجتی, سیدمحمد and کوچ, یحیی}, title = {The Effect of Different Forest Types on Soil Properties and Biodiversity of Grassland Cover and Regeneration in Central Hyrcanian Forests (Case Study: Seri-Alandan-Sari)}, abstract ={        In this study the effects of different types on soil Physical and chemical Properties and plant species biodiversity in the hyrcanian forests of Iran were studied. For this porpuse 33 sample plots were established in 5 vegetation types consist of pure beech (Fagus orientalis), Ash plantation (fraxinus excelsior), spruce plantation (Picea abies), mixed forest and degraded forest. In each vegetation type, a square-shaped surface area of 4 hectares (200 × 200 m2) was separated and the sample plots with an area of 400 m2 (20×20 m) to evaluate the herbaceous community and regeneration of woody vegetation were implemented by systematic random sampling method. A soil sample was taken from  depth of 10-0 cm to assess physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in each plot. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the understory diversity indices in 5 vegetation types based on Simpson and Shannon Wiener diversity indices, and the mixed  and degraded forest have the highest values. Also, the results of the comparison of vegetation biodiversity indices in the regeneration part showed that Margalef, Menhinick, Simpson and Shannon Weiner indices had significant difference among the vegetation types and the mixed forest had the highest values. The results of analysis of variance of soil characteristics showed that only soil moisture content, acidity and carbon percentage had significantly different among the vegetation types. Totally, the results of this study clearly showed that the mixed forest had the best performance in terms of plant biodiversity indices and physical and chemical of soil characteristics than other vegetation types.  }, Keywords = {Aland, Biodiversity, Land Use Change, Soil Chemical Properties rsity}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {10-21}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.10}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {mostafanezhad, seyed reza and Pourmadjidian, mohammad reza and Espahbodi, Kambiz and Eghtesadi, Ali}, title = {The Environmental Effects of Skidder Traffic and Skidding Directions on Forest Soil Compaction and the Regeneration Establishment Condition in Choob-e- Farim Forests}, abstract ={ …..Forest soil compaction influenced by the use of skidders machineries, its power and weight,  causes changes on specific physical characteristics of soil. In most of the investigations, the negative effects of skidder traffic is reduction in growth of trees. The aim of this research was investigating the effects of number of skidder traffic in different skidding direction (uphill and downhill skidding) on soil compaction and forest seedlings establishment, through using rubber–tired skidder, the Timber jack 450c in compartments 9 and 11 series of the Dehmian exploitation corporation Choob-e-Farim company. The number of traffic at five levels (0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15 and >15 passes) and two levels of skidding directions (uphill and downhill) were measured. After logging operations, sample plots with 9m2 size were recorded within the skidding trails. Bulk density, seedling density and root volume were measured on the disturbed surface and within the skidding trails. Results showed that the most bulk density increase was occurred during the first few passes of skidder (1-5 traffic). The increases in bulk density were considerable at the sampling depth of 20-30 cm. Uphill skidding soil compaction were higher (1/24 gr/cm3) than downhill skidding (1/19 gr/cm3). Uphill and downhill skidding directions did not affect the seedlings density. Traffics by more than 10 times at uphill and downhill skidding reduced the seedlings density and growth. The number of allowed traffics in uphill and downhill was determined to be 7-8 and 11-12 times respectively.}, Keywords = {Seedling Establishment, Skidding Direction, Root Volume, Bulk Density}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {22-30}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.22}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {hosseini, ahmad and ashrafi, jav}, title = {Evaluation and Performance Comparison of some Mechanical Control Methods for Yellow Mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus Jacq.) at Different Altitudes (Case study: Oak forests of Hyanan, Ilam)}, abstract ={   Yellow mistletoe is a semi-parasite plant lives in the Zagros forests on Persian oak trees. Mechanical control is one of the basic acts to manage yellow mistletoe contamination. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of mechanical methods; wood-glue, clay, black plastic, natural color and control treatment to control yellow mistletoe at different altitudes and selecting the most suitable methods was carried out in Hyanan oak forests in the northern part of Ilam province. Three research sites were selected at altitudes of 1600-1800, 1800-2000 and 2000-2200 m a. s. l. At each site, three Persian oak trees for each treatment and in total 15 trees were selected. Implementation and monitoring of treatments was done during five years (2010-2014). Results showed that the effect of control treatments on the removal rate of yellow mistletoe on the treated branches was significant. Also, the effect of altitude on the frequency of new yellow mistletoe tubers on other branches of treated trees was significant. Results showed that wood-glue and clay were 100% successful in removing yellow mistletoe. But the control performance of black Plastic and natural color was 30% and 0%, respectively. It was concluded that cutting of yellow mistletoe infected branches and coating their cutting locations with clay or wood-glue cause eliminate the yellow mistletoe and prevent its re-establishment on the limb. The combined control methods of wood-glue and clay are advisable to run for fighting against yellow mistletoe.  }, Keywords = {Altitude, Persian Oak, Mistletoe, Mechanical Control e}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {31-38}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.31}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Tafazoli, Mahya and Attarod, Pedram and Hojjati, Seyed Mohammad and Tafazoli, Mehrcedeh}, title = {Throughfall Chemistry of Persian Maple (Acer velutinim) and Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia) Plantations in East of Mazandaran}, abstract ={     Changes in the quality of water reaching forest floor is of the most important consequences of native and exotic tree species plantations for rehabilitating the derelict areas of the Caspian forests. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of throughfall in plantations of Persian maple (Acer velutinim Bioss) and Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia Ten) in Darabkola Forest, Sari. The amount of gross rainfall and throughfall were measured using six and twenty plastic collectors, respectively, from May 15, 2012 to 15 March, 2013. To compare the concentration of Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium of the throughfall, four throughfall and rainfall samples were monthly taken from each stand. The results showed that the average of EC in growing season in Persian maple stand (170 µs/cm) was significantly higher than in Turkish pine stand (135 µs/cm) and in rainfall (55 µs/cm). Mean concentration of Potassium (Acer: 6.15, Pine 5.63 mg.l-1), Calcium (Acer: 0.53, Pine: 0.83 mg.l-1) and Magnesium (Acer: 0.59, Pine: 0.55 mg.l-1) were not significantly different between Acer and Pine stands. Mean concentration of potassium and magnesium in Persian maple stand (K: 6.15, Mg: 0.59 mg.l-1) and Turkish pine (K: 5.63, Mg: 0.55 mg.l-1) was significantly higher than the rainfall (K: 0.24, Mg: 0.32 mg.l-1). We concluded that the plantations change the water quality reaching the forest floor. It is needed to examine the effects of all endemic and exotic tree species on chemical composition of throughfall in future studies.}, Keywords = {Plantation, Throughfall, Nutrient, Acer velutinim, Pinus brutiarutia}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {39-47}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.39}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-100-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {ShaydaiKarkaj, Esmaiel and Ghanbari, Saj}, title = {Fitting of Species Frequency Distribution Models in Woody Societies in Rangelands of Gouradarah, Gechigiran Ahar}, abstract ={    One of the important goals of natural resource management is to conserve plant diversity in the ecosystem so that sites are more productive and more ecologically stable at various situations. Different diversity indices have been presented to study the species status of natural ecosystems. One of these indicators is the use of empirical distribution models that each of these models indicates the sustainability and health of plant communities. This research was carried out in Guyje bel woodlands of Gechigiran region in order to know about the extent of degradation and stability of plant communities in two levels of altitude. For this purpose, 50 samples were taken in two altitude levels; lower and upper than 1800 m above sea level. We recorded the percentage of shrubs and trees species in the plots. Parametric indicators including diversity grading curves and frequency distribution models (broken wands, logical norm, logarithmic series and geometric series) were used for graphical study of plant diversity and their fitting with experimental models of sustainability of plant communities. The results showed that, by examining the fitting of species abundance data, using the Chi-square fit test, the plant community of both altitude classes follows the logarithmic series model at the 5% level. Since the logarithmic series model represents unstable communities and the plant community has a relatively small number of species, it can be expected that these two sites were in a low diversity in terms of species diversity and stability. Both elevations had a significant fitting of 5% with the geometric series model. According to the results, the lower altitude (lower than 1800 m) had a lower diversity than the higher altitudes (above 1800 m). Therefore, it is suggested that management decisions should be made to increase species diversity in the mentioned areas.}, Keywords = {Sustainability, Species Diversity, Altitude Classes, Woodlands Rangelands}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {48-57}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.48}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Naseri, Mohammad Hasan and ShataeeJouibari, Shaban and Mohammadi, Jahangir and Ahmadi, Shahram}, title = {Capability of Rapid Eye Satellite Imagery to Map the Distribution of Canopy Trees in Dashtebarm Forest Area of Fars Province}, abstract ={            In this research, the possibility of using capability of Rapid Eye satellite imagery for mapping the crown distribution of oak trees in Zagros forests was investigated in the Dashtebarm forest area of ​​Kazeroun, Fars province. In this study, data quality was investigated geometrically and radiometrically and geometric correction of the images was done using a linear method and using precision ground control points. In order to investigate the use of artificial bands obtained from appropriate processes in the classification process, images of appropriate plant spectrum indices were created by mapping the bands and images of the main components using the principal components analysis (PCA index). The vegetation map of crowns of trees was measured by measuring the crowns of trees in square sample samples with an area of ​​400 square meters in a randomized way. 70% of samples were selected as educational sample and 30% of the rest were randomly selected. Two-point and polygonal classifications with two maximum likelihood algorithms and support vector machines were was performed on the original image, the processed bands, and the main image composition of the processed bands. The results of the accuracy assessment of the maps in this study showed that the highest overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 98.52% and 0.97, respectively, in the point of processing with processed bands and maximum likelihood algorithms, as well as by composition of with the original  image composition The original is with processed bands and support vector machines algorithm (SVM). Also, in the polygonal classification, the highest overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the maps classified using the processed bands were 87.50% and 0.75 with the maximum likelihood algorithm and 90.78% and coefficient Kappa 0.81 has been supported by the car engine algorithm. In general, the results of this study showed that Rapid Eye images are suitable for preparing the crown distribution map of forest trees in Zagros forests.}, Keywords = {Image classification, Persian oak, Remote sensing, Zagros forests}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {58-69}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.58}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sefidi, Kiomars}, title = {The Influence of Geomorphological Characteristics of Forest Sites on the Decay Dynamics of Dead Trees in Asalem Forests, Western Hyrcanian Region}, abstract ={Knowledge of the decay trend of dead trees and site factors affecting their functions, plays an important role in the development of conservation management plans in forestry projects. This research was conducted in Asalem beech forests in northern Iran to assess the impact of physiographic features of the site on the process of dead trees decay. A total of 90 sample cuts of dead beech stumps were randomly selected and studied. For each sample, species, diameter and decay classes were recorded. The effect of aspect Slope Index (ASI), Terrain Shape Index (TSI) and Landform Index (LI) on the physical properties of dead wood (density, weight, moisture content) and biochemical components of wood (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) on the process of decay were investigated. The mean decay rate of dead beech stumps calculated 0.061 and the mean of beech was 0.32 that varied between 0.05 and 0.62 grams per cubic meters. The results revealed decay process requires about 46 years and the four classes decay showed significant difference in terms of wood density, lignin and cellulose. Meanwhile, the LI was the most important physiographic factors influencing the decay rate of dead trees. The lignin content of the deadwoods was significantly influenced by the form of land. Accordingly, it can be concluded that maintenance certain volume of dead tree in the forest stand structure need to taking account into the dynamics of dead trees, as well as the effects of geomorphological characteristics of site, especially land form conditions }, Keywords = {Decay Constant, Decay Grade, Landform Index (LI), Physiography, Terrain Shape Index (TSI)}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {70-79}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.70}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {alimohamadi, afrooz and asadi, farh}, title = {Study of Growth Function of Black Poplar (Populus Nigra) With Kermanshah and Zanjan Origin in Karaj Research Station}, abstract ={In order to evaluate the growth function of Populus nigra trees under homogeneous conditions, a total of 24 individuals of P. nigra (3 individuals per stand) were sampled from 8 artificial stands in Kermanshah province and 12 individuals of P. nigra (3 individuals per stand) were sampled from 4 artificial stands in Zanjan province. In order to assimilate the environmental conditions, seedlings were planted under randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications in Karadj area. In growing season, height growths were measured in 6 periods and diameter growths were measured in 2 periods. The results showed no significant differences between the stands in term of height and diameter growths but there were significant differences between periods in terms of height and diameter growths. In total, the results of growth parameters measuring in P. nigra stands showed that the trees of the two provinces presented a fairly similar growth function during a growing season.  }, Keywords = {Diameter Growth, Height Growth, Kermanshah and Zanjan Provinces and Populus Nigra}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {80-89}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.80}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {ABDOLLAPOUR, JAFAR and akbari, hassan and VALIPOUR, AHMAD and LOTFALIAN, MAJID}, title = {The Role of Forest Products in the Livelihoods of the Local Communities of North Zagros (Case Study: Kurdistan and West Azarbaijan Provinces)}, abstract ={Forest utilization is one of the important sources of  income and reduction  of poverty for local communities. Zagros as the widest forests area in the country in terms of commercial non-wood forest products,  has a  unique importance. The amount of income from these forest products varies, and in each region a specific type of product is the important source of income. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of forest income in annual household’s income and determine which forest products constitute the annual net income of a household and what kind of product is the most source of income in each region are from. For this purpose, various utilizations and the share of forest products in the lives of the northern Zagros households (Marivan, Baneh and Saravabad cities in Kurdistan province and Piranshahr and Sardasht in West Azarbaijan province) were investigated. The gathering of Gazu, Mazooj, oak seed, Gala (grazing), galipot of Pistacia sp., firewood and food-medicine plants were among the most commonly used forest products in the region. The data of this study included income and cost of different sources by direct observation, semi-structured questionnaire and interviews with 220 households of the utilizer. Livelihoods sources of utilizers were analyzed in three groups of forest products, husbandry and others. The results showed that the livelihoods of the utilizers of the region, forest products, husbandry and others, respectively, were 15.12%, 22.75% and 62.13%. The annual profit from forest products in Marivan and Sarvabad was more than the annual profit from livestock, while in Piranshahr, forest resources did not have significant profits. Also, the highest net annual income of the forest in the cities of Marivan, Sarvaabad, Baneh, Sardasht and Piranshahr was respectively galipot, galipot, Gala (grazing), galipot and forest food products. Considering the fact that each of the cities is better in producing one or two products it was suggested  to plan for the sustainability of resources (including determining the possibility of harvesting), improve the mechanisms of utilization, processing and marketing of the important products of each city was proposed.      }, Keywords = {Forest Products, Income, Cost, Profit, Northern Zagros}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {90-100}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.90}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ghasemiaghbash, Farhad and Berg, Bjor}, title = {Nutrient Dynamics and Decomposition rate of Norway Spruce Needles in Stråsan and Lajim stands}, abstract ={     Habitat change  leads to differences in the rate of decomposition and nutrient dynamics of leaflitters, which has many effects on the controlling factors of the decomposition process. In the present study, the rate of decomposition and nutrient dynamics of Norway spruce  were  evaluated for 363 days in the two forestation sites in the natural and foreign habitats, Stråsan and Lajim. Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and lignin, as well as Limit value, constant coefficient of decomposition and production capacity of humus were investigated using standard methods in both habitats. Nutrient and lignin concentrations were measured individually in each country using the same measurement method. The results showed that the initial quality of needles, except for calcium and manganese, in Lajim habitat (the concentrations of nutrients in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium were 12.63, 1.23, 9.85, and 1.51 mg/g) was better than Stråsan (the concentrations of calcium and manganese were 13.4 and 1.38 mg/g). The dynamics pattern of nutrients in two habitats was similar during the study period, but in 363 day, there were significant differences (p <0.05) in the concentrations of manganese and phosphorus. The remaining weight in two habitats at the end of the period did not show any significant difference (Lajim and Stråsan habitats were 77.69% and 77.92% respectively). The constant coefficient of decomposition and production capacity of humus in Lajim habitat was higher (respectively, 0.24% per day and 66 fractions) than Stråsan habitat (respectively, 0.1% per day and 55 fractions). Based on the stepwise regression, in the Lajim habitat the concentrations of phosphorus and manganese and in the Stråsan the concentrations of lignin, magnesium and calcium were the only variables which explained mass loss var­iation. In general, the results of this study showed that Norway spruce in Lajim habitat was successful in the view point of the decomposition and nutrient dynamism and in the compared to its natural habitat, and could be used in the Hyrcanian mountain forest for reforestation projects.           }, Keywords = {Boreal forests, Decomposition rate, Habitat change, Leaflitter quality, Norway spruce}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {101-110}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.101}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Haghighatdoust, Akram and Waez-Mousavi, seyed mohamm}, title = {Evaluation of Tree Marking in Persian Ironwood-hornbeam Stands at Bahramnia Forestry Plan and Its Effect on Stand Structure}, abstract ={Tree marking can cause changes in forest. This study aimed to assess tree marking operation and to predict its effect on stand structure of Persian ironwood-hornbeam stands at Bahramnia forestry plan, north of Iran. Therefore 98 trees that were marked in compartment 9 of the mentioned forest in 2017 based on selection system and according to the recent laws of Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization of Iran were measured before cut. Characteristics such as tree species, diameter, height, volume, decay condition and standing or fallen situation of the trees were recorded.  Independent samples t-test was used to compare the mean diameter, height and volume between marked trees and stand trees. To obtain the mean diameter and height of the stand trees 16 circular sample plots with the area of 1000 square meters were considered in which the diameter and height of all trees were recorded. The results showed that the majority of marked trees, based on both tree numbers and volume, belong to hornbeam species while the dominant tree species of the compartment is Persian ironwood tree. This result shows that the marking operation acted to change the species composition of the stand in favor of Persian ironwood species. In comparison of the mean diameter, height and volume between marked trees with stand trees a significant difference were observed in terms of diameter and volume, but in case of trees height no significant difference was found. Studying the distribution pattern of marked trees indicated a cluster distribution pattern. Totally it can be concluded that tree marking operation according to the recent laws of Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, which emphasize on marking and cutting of fallen and broken and decaying trees, in long term will result in loss of dead and decaying trees in forest ecosystem and will decrease ecological capacity of these forest ecosystems.}, Keywords = {Silviculture, Structure, Selection System, Microhabitat, Distribution Pattern}, volume = {7}, Number = {14}, pages = {111-123}, publisher = {معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری}, doi = {10.29252/ifej.7.14.111}, url = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-315-en.html}, eprint = {http://ifej.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-315-en.pdf}, journal = {Ecology of Iranian Forest}, issn = {2423-7140}, eissn = {2676-4296}, year = {2019} }